Chapter One
Concepts, Rationale, Genesis and Transformations in Library Automation
1.1 Chapter objectives
After reading this chapter, readers should be able to:
1. Describe the concept of library automation
2. Identify basic rationale behind library automation
3. Discuss genesis and transformations in library automation
4. Describe some basic and trending concepts in automation
i. Social media (WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter)
ii. 4IR (Fourth Industrial Revolution)
iii. Internet of Things
iv. Quantum Computing
v. Edge computing
vi. Cloud Computing
vii. 3D Printing Technology
viii. 5G Technology
ix. AI Technology
x. Blockchain Technology
xi. Drone Technology
xii. Quick Response (QR) code
xiii. Bing-Chatbot
xiv. Blended Learning
5. Itemise automated library operations
6. Mention advantages of library automation
7. Outline constraints of library automation.
1.2 Chapter introduction
In this chapter users are introduced to:
1. The concept of library automation
2. Basic rationale behind library automation
3. Genesis and transformations in library automation
4. Some basic and trending concepts in automation
i. Social media (WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter)
ii. 4IR (Fourth Industrial Revolution)
iii. Internet of Things
iv. Quantum Computing
v. Edge computing
vi. Cloud Computing
vii. 3D Printing Technology
viii. 5G Technology
ix. AI Technology
x. Blockchain Technology
xi. Drone Technology
xii. Quick Response (QR) code
xiii. Bing-Chatbot
xiv. Blended Learning
5. Automated library operations
6. Main advantages of library automation
7. Major constraints of library automation
1.3 The Concepts of Automation and Library Automation
HighLights:
« General Meaning of Automation
« Specific Meaning of Automation
« Meaning of Library Automation
« Samples of Automated Library Activities
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The concept of using various technologies to the handling of information in library from development (information creation/acquisition) to processing, preservation, retrieval, dissemination and use is referred to as library automation.
Different terms are used to describe the use of machines in actualizing a task, these include but not limited to; automation, mechanisation, industrialisation, computerization, digitisation, robotic or artificial-intelligence (AI). So many tasks traditionally done by human are thesedays completely done by mechines. Some typical examples are; the task of a traffic-police on the road that is now completely done by Traffic Lightening Machine (TLM). Also a typical cashier's task in the bank-hall is now completely done by Automated Teller Machine (ATM). Critically, opening of doors to allow entrance in to hotels, offices and eminent residentials is also automatically done through the use of machine-sensory. Moreover, what is at the stake in Nigeria is electronic voting system which was demonstrated in some elections in Nigeria. This, certainty ease efforts and reduces cost, resouces, and time spent in aggregating total vote cast to know the winner of an election. Many more of these developments in present day society numerous to mention are abound and automatically done which implies the use of machines, a system known as automation.
Automation may be defined as the use of machines or electronics in support or in place of human workers to carry out operation(s) partially or fully. When machine used to support human opoperation and some part of operations performed by human that may be termed a 'partial automation'. But where machine used to replace human in operation and the machine does the entire exercise without human interference after the innitial instruction that may be termed a 'complete automation' (i.e. full-automation). This is sometimes refers to as mechanization, computerization, or robotic. Likewise, library automation implies the use of machines or electronics in support or in place of human workers to carry out library operations.
Specifically, library automation is the use of computers and related technology to carry out routine tasks associated with maintaining a library, such as resource selection, acquisition, cataloguing, preservation, reference, retrieval, circulation, and dissemination. Similarly, Tiwari (2014) buttressed that the term "library automation" refers to the widespread use of computers in the library to carry out some of the more traditional tasks like acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, stock verification, etc. Information retrieval, automatic indexing and abstracting, and networking are also covered in its preview. In addition to these, library automation is also having a significant impact on how libraries and librarians define their objectives and job descriptions through the use of telecommunications and reprographics technology. Automation is utilized in the library to decrease the amount of time, effort, money, and space spent to repetitive tasks as well as to improve the work done in order to better serve users.
Today's libraries frequently employ computers to do tasks that would otherwise be performed by librarians; some of the reasons for this are slated below.
1.4 The Rationale of Library Automation
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HighLights:
« Improve Library Management
« Facilitate Access to information
« Cost Effective
« Labour Saving
« Speed and Promptness
« Idea of Real-Time
« Eliminates Duplicates
« Ease & Accuracy in Data Manipulation
« Enhance Library Collaborations
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The following are some of the guiding principles of library automation:
1. To enhance the library management system for the satisfaction of the office and users.
2. To make it easier for users to access library information sources.
3. To reduce labour and costs and increase efficiency in library operations.
4. To make library operations more swift and sure.
5. To introduce real-time (the capacity to react to several queries roughly at the same time) in the library.
6. To eliminate duplication, ease and provide accuracy in data manipulation in the library.
7. To enhance library collaborations (loan and exchange, interlink of resources and bibliographic databases, matadata, and meaningful ideas).
1.5 Genesis and Transformations in Library Automation
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HighLights:
« Innovation of language
« Innovation of written techniques
« Innovation of the mass media
« Innovention of computers
« Integration of computers and telecommunication
« The Springs and use of Social Media & 4IR Technologies
History of Automation in Nigeria
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Libraries are custodians of documented information resources. Thus, the beggining and revolution in information codification, preservation and communication reflects the genesis and transformations in library automation. The information revolution affected society as a whole in five different stages, each of which had an influence on how information resources were stored in society and notably in libraries.
The first was the innovation of language that permitted information communication verbally at the beginning and before the invention of written language. At this stage the idea of library might be thought but was yet unborn though this stage paved way for the invention of written language, preservation of what were written, and hitoto establishment of the libraries.
The development of writing and printing processes during the second stage allowed for the conveyance of a moderate amount of information across time and place. This technique brought about the invention and use of various mediums for writing from the initial clay tablets, parchments and papyrus to the discovery and use of papers. At this atage, the need for preservation of written resources (documented information/knowledge) turning out from the society particularly monarchs, and this brought about ideas of establishment of preservation centres and the libraries. From the beggining when clay tablets, parchments and papyrus were used for documentation of information, materials available in collection centres were in small number, but at the invention of papers and printig techniques collection centres particularly libraries saw dramatic change in the number of collections, large number of print materials were produced and sent to the libraries for preservation and use by the public.
The third was the development of mass media, which made it possible to store and communicate vast amounts of information more effectively. At the invention of mass media, libraries had opportunities of storing resources other than print materials, and at this point audiovisual section charged with the keeping of audiovisual materials mostly analogues then were introduced in the libraries. This was the beginning of the availability of electronic resources (e-resources) in the libraries but all analogue untill the ideas of the use of computers and digitisation came on board.
The fourth was the invention of computers that gave way to better formats for information inputting, processing, and outputting (retrieving) within a particular location at the beginnings but later extended beyond a particular location at the fifth stage when computers were integrated with telecommunications. The use of computers gradually introduced libraries to less dependence on print materials (papers) and gradually moving the society towards paperless operations. The introduction of computer technology that supported or replaced the old or manual way of operations of human endeavors led to the paradigm of automation in many organizations. In addition, this revolutionized library operations and services as well as the gathering, processing, and distribution of knowledge and information in general.
The merging of the third and fourth innovations—computers and telecommunications—marked the fifth stage of the information revolution and cleared the way for more effective and widespread methods of information distribution in each specific place. At the integration of computers and telecommunications, the idea of paperless operations recieved a boost and the idea of virtuality established generally in the society and the library in particular. Libraries began to be identified as online depository centres which resources can be tapped far and wide away from the location of the library and at any time ahead of normal opening hours.
Perhaps, when giving account of library automation, there is the need to recognise the efforts made by the past visionaries well before computers were invented and began to be used in the libraries. As far back as 1880, punched cards used in tabulating data were invented by Hollerith. The University of Texas library may have been the first to implement punched cards for circulation management in 1936. While in 1950, the Library of Congress produced catalogs on a unit record machine. Many libraries in the United States used this method to automate their operations. French also created the "Book Wheel" in 1958, which allowed students to flip books by pressing a pedal that spun a book table. Albert Cotgreave, another visionary, created a "Book Indicator" in 1863 that contained miniature volumes that represented books in library collections.
But in the 1960s, the development of computers allowed library automation to advance to a new level. As computers became more prevalent, Machine-Readable-Catalogues were created. Perhaps the greatest example of vision and focus on automation over past quarter century was the development and rise of the MARC format (Tiwari, 2014). In 1990, library automation received a boost. Libraries created integrated text based systems using micro/minicomputers in which normal library housekeeping operations were computerized using the platform of library's databases. Since then, library automation had been what it was inline with the principles of MARC until 1990s at the advent of minicomputers and library networkings library automation undergone dramatc changes in library services and access to library resources that reflects redefinition of the library. Availability of minicomputers coupled with the introduction global networking - the Internet made information more accessible. Likewise, the introduction of libraries networkings made library resources more accessible to the users of libraries at different locations.
In keeping with these concepts, the Library of Congress spearheaded initiatives that aided in the development of OCLC and other bibliographic tools. Libraries now make swift efforts for cataloging and creating catalogue cards at reasonable prices, thanks to OCLC. Instead of getting cards, more than 80% of OCLC cataloguing participants download cataloguing records into their local library systems, while around 20% use the interlibrary loan system to share resources (Tiwari, 2014).
A computer-based automated library system is what is now seen. As opposed to the manual method of operations in libraries, a variety of computer-based automated libraries systems offer technical processing, an online catalogue, and assistance for circulation, giving customers with the information resources they require. The modern day integrated library systems are as a result of the integration of computers with telecommunications and inter links of library resources and catalogues. Open sources now available that provide multiple accesses for the users (i.e., Online-Public-Access Catalogue - OPAC). More so, today, the motives for library connectivities are gaining momentum with more libraries reaching out to the users far and wide across different locations even the globe (i.e., worldwide). This is earning libraries and librarians’ new names such as; e-libraries/e-librarians, virtual-libraries/virtual-librarians, cyber-libraries/cyberians, etc. What also are appearing in the libraries in the last decade and would be massively deployed henceforth in the libraries to prone users to the use of library and services are more use of social media (such as WhatsApp) and other Forth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Technologies. In order to give library users access to materials from many sources, integrated library systems of today must be designed to not only provide modules for automating library operations but also to connect local systems with other information suppliers' systems, databases, and the Technologies.
1.6 History of Automation In Nigeria
Nigeria, the most populous black nation in the world, is not always left behind with technology. It has hardworking citizens doing well in technology. The likes of Jelani Aliyu, a Nigerian from Sokoto state and a senior creative designer General Motors company (the largest automotive manufacturing company in USA and one of the largest in world), who designed Chevron Volt that was introduced in 2010. This vehicle was named the most fuel-efficient vehicle in January 2014 by the United State Environmental Protection Agency and was also ranked as the World's all-time best-selling plug-in hybrid in September 2018 (Kane, 2019). In addition to this, Aliyu led the exterior designing of the Pontiac G6. After all these, he was invited home (Nigeria) by the president to lead the country's automotive design effort and presently Director-General of the Nigeria Automotive Design and Development Council.
Also, to mention is Abdulhakim Bashar, a Nigerian from Katsina state, and the CEO Nigeria's Chiniki Guard, who wins Top Artificial Intelligence (AI) Prize at GITEX (Gulf Information Technology Exhibition). The GITEX is one of the biggest technology shows in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia as at 2021 (Pantami, 2022). Bashar stood for his organization/Nigeria, contested with 750 contestants from 73 countries, in which he presented an artificial intelligence-based security solution for retail stores and supermarkets to monitor, detect, and alert shop owners of shoplifting and suspicious acts in real-time. This presentation came overall-best start-up in the artificial intelligence category.
Other to mention is Isah Aliyu Ibrahim Pantami, a professor in the field of IT/Computer Science, who contributed a lot in the field of IT/Computer science to an extent of been appointed by Saudi Kingdom to help drive IT in the country but later invited home (Nigeria) by Nigeria president and was appointed Minister of Communication & Digital Economy. He was the first to occupy the office when the ministry reworn new name and functions of digital economy. He made a lot of transformations and achievements in digitisation drive in Nigeria that affects all sectors of economy including libraries. Certainly, his efforts have facilitated and improved networkings in Nigeria, and directly or indirectly facilitated and improve Networkings in Nigeria libraries.
However, the earliest attempt at library computerization in Nigeria was recorded in the late 70s. As observed by Roknuzzaman (2006), the higher academic institutions of a country are pioneers in adopting and using ICT. Unsurprisingly, library automation in Nigeria was spearheaded by libraries of higher institutions - the academic libraries. Adegbore (2010) reported that University of Lagos, University of Ibadan, and Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, all started computerization projects in the mid 1970s and 1980s. Agboola(date?) as cited by Uzomba et al (2015) stated that the greatest impetus to library automation in Nigerian university libraries came from a World Bank project which gave automation as one of its conditions for support. As a result, the National University Commission (NUC) presented one microcomputer and a four-user local area network version of the The Information Navigator (TINLIB) software to each of the 20 participating libraries in 1992. This was after an agreement had been reached between the NUC and the University Librarians that all Federal Universities should use common software (Ogunleye, 1997). However, the automation could not be sustained. Many libraries in Nigeria ran into one problem or the other due to the wrong choice of library software. Obajemu; Osagie; Akinade and Ekere (2013) reported that the use of TINLIB software in some Federal universities had to be discontinued due to some technical difficulties, maintenance problem, poor revision policy and the prohibitive cost of processing and maintaining it. Umeluzor et al (2012) also narrated the frustrating experience of Babcock University with the XLib software and its vendor. They lamented that; the software served for some time and later became prone to several challenges which were insurmountable. It is therefore safe to assert that aside from University of Jos which adopted KOHA after a fire accident destroyed its legacy software (VIRTUAL ILS) many other Libraries also adopted KOHA in order to escape proprietary software that are more problematic than helpful. (Akpokodje & Akpokodje, 2015).
Libraries in Nigeria, especially academic libraries, are motivated by this spirit. ICT use in libraries in Nigeria started in the early 1990s. Although ICT usage in Nigeria has not made much progress at that point. But now, there has been a significant improvement, especially in Nigerian university libraries. It is important to acknowledge the TETFund's efforts for promoting automation in Nigerian academic libraries. Through these efforts, most academic libraries were able to engage users (staff and students) with academic exercise of accessing offline and online resources.
1.7 Some Basic Concepts in Library Automation
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HighLights:
« Multimedia
« Library Softwares
« Library Networkings
« Cryptocurrency
« Electronic Grey Literature
« Reprographic Conversion
« Database & Metadata
« RDA (Resources Description and Access)
« Cybernetic, Cyberlibrary & Cyberian
« Web 2.0. / Library 2.0
« Social media (WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter)
« 4IR (Fourth Industrial Revolution)
« Internet of Things
« Quantum Computing
« Edge computing
« Cloud Computing
« 3D Printing Technology
« 5G Technology
« AI Technology
« Blockchain Technology
« Drone Technology
« Quick Response (QR) code
« Bing-Chatbot
« Blended Learning
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New concepts are expectation of changes in life and daily experience in different fields of study. Libraries before now might not be in touch with some of the concepts to be discussed but as life changes in the field and innovations made to improve service delivery, new concepts begin to emerge, and this is a continuation in life. The most recent change in libraries is as a result of influence of different technologies in the field particularly information technology. Information technology, more importantly computer technology is mounting pressure on libraries for changes that cannot be neglected by libraries, and this is springing out some concepts new to the libraries. Some of these concepts though may be long born but still fresh in our libraries and are major discussions in the libraries opting for automation of activities and services, and also major discussions in the subsequent chapters of this book. Few of these concepts are:
1.7.1 Multimedia
Multimedia is a non-print informative resource that combines two more elements of accessing information contained in it. In computer science, multimedia is a combination of more than one digital media (audio, visual; text, graphics, animation, video, etc) used in computer application such as computer games, multimedia encyclopedias, thesaurus, dictionaries, books, etc mostly accessed online or packaged on CD-ROMs to be accessed electronically.
1.7.2 Library Software
A software is a computer programs term used to describe a set of instructions written by a programmer distinct from the manufactured hardware that is used to run the hardware. Computer hardwares are run with softwares. As computers process data, software is used to run the process. Some software are programmed to run the system components such as operating system while others are application programs designed to make computers process data and to apply computers to perform a specific tasks. Library softwares are application softwares designed to make computers perform specific tasks of the library. There are different kinds of library softwares, some examples of these are Compterised Documentation Services/Integrated Set of Information System (CDS/ISIS), Alice for Windows, NewGenlib, Troodon, etc. More examples of these are in chapter two ahead.
1.7.3 Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrency is a virtual currency that is developed through mathematical encoding and decoding of computer protocol which has made it possible for huge amount of virtual currencies to be transferred over decentralized public networks, unintercepted and uncorrupted. In simple terms, cryptocurrency is computer-generated money that can be used to pay for transactions just like conventional money. There are quite a number of cryptocurrencies around the world examples of these is bitcoin. Many examples are in chapter two.
1.7.4 Electronic Grey Literature
Grey literature is recorded material that is available in a variety of mediums and formats but is produced in an unorthodox (unconventional) or semi-orthodox (semi-conventional) manner and frequently isn't formally classified, priced, or accessible through traditional bookselling channels. The majority of recorded information sources in electronic format that are semi-conventionally or unconventionally published but frequently not formally classified, priced, or accessible through conventional bookselling channels are known as electronic grey literature resources. Grey literature is evolving as a result of electronic communication and is now more broadly defined to encompass e-mails, faxes, blog posts, wikis, and podcasts. Grey literature is now more widely accessible online. Majority are Adobe Acrobat - PDF documents.
1.7.5 Reprographic Conversion
The term reprography signifies document reproduction or copying by any means especially through the modern techniques of digital scanning. Reprographic conversion encompassing quick service document reproduction; a process of converting hardcopies of materials to softcopies, normally to be accessed online or offline. Nigeria libraries are presently passing through the process of converting hardcopy research reports of graduated students from different institutions supported by tertiary education trust fund (TETFund).
1.7.6 Database
With the help of database management system software, a database is created and managed. A database is a sizable volume of digital information about a single subject or field that is correctly organized, updated often, and searched and retrieved quickly. Databank and database are occasionally used interchangeably. However, the latter phrase is more explicitly used to refer to a set of nonbibliographical data, often quantitative and personal information. Databases may be accessed and viewed online and can take the shape of numbers, text, letters, or images. It is a repository of information that includes bibliographic records, abstracts, full-text articles, directory entries, photos, statistics, etc. It usually concerns a particular body of knowledge arranged to facilitate accessibility, updating, processing and transmission. An example of database is Data Document Initiative (DDI); www.icpsr.umich.edu/ddi. This is a project of social science community.
1.7.7 Resources Description and Access (Rda)
RDA is a well developed library cataloging code used to describes every single material in the library and an aid to accessing information resources. RDA metamorphosis from AACR2R - the revised edition of AACR2 in 2002. RDA was built to encompassing requirements for cataloguing many media including Portable Document Fomart (PDF) or coded Extensible Markup Language (XML). RDA provides a comprehensive set of guidelines and instructions for resources description and accessing encompassing all categories of media. Readers can learn more on RDA in chapter three.
1.7.8 Web 2.0 / Library 2.0
Web 2.0 refers to a group of server-based technologies that have transformed the web from a one-way publishing platform into a two-way medium. All Internet users are encouraged to exchange, work together, and participate in the creation of websites using these solutions. The emerging generation of online tools and apps is simply referred to as "Web 2.0." The Web 2.0 phenomenon has had a big influence on the information environment since it first emerged in 2004. It runs the library 2.0 platform. The notion of Library 2.0, as defined by Michael (2005), is one in which users are both content producers and consumers of knowledge. Library 2.0 is a library without walls and with active user engagement in the role of architects. The use of interactive, collaborative, and multi-media web-based technologies to enhance web-based library services and collections is what is meant by the phrase "Library2.0." According to Alonge (2014), the goal of Library 2.0 is to bring the library to the customers so that it can better serve them and to encourage professional collaboration among librarians.
1.7.9 Social Media
Social media are internet-platforms enhancing human social relations and information/knowledge seeking behaviors courtesy of the integration of computer and telecommunication technologies. Library 2.0 also leverage on this platform. Some of these platforms are;
o WhatsApp
Users of this instant messaging app for Android-based smartphones and mobile phones may freely send each other text messages, photos, videos, and other file types. Additionally, it permits the attachment of documents in various formats, such as Word, Excel, and PDFs.
o Facebook
This is a free social media website that allows users to register and create profiles on the site. It allows upload of videos, photos, sending of messages and keeping in touch with others.
o Instagram
This is an online photo-sharing service. It allows users to edit and upload pictures and short videos through a mobile app. The use of the Instagram App in a library should be through visual content to allow library users know what the library is all about.
o Youtube
YouTube is a social networking site and online video sharing service. Videos of events, seminars, special speeches, etc. are frequently shared through this method. Users may submit videos, post comments, and make playlists on YouTube channels.
o Twitter
Users of Twitter, a free social networking microblogging site, may publish brief messages known as tweets. Using a variety of platforms and devices, users may broadcast tweets and follow the tweets of other users.
This is a computing library programme presently designed to provide ease of use and efficiency in service delivery.
1.7.10 Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)
The Fourth Industrial Revolution, also known as 4IR or Industry 4.0, refers to the fusion of the physical, digital and biological worlds. It was first coined by Prof. Klaus Schwab, the founder & executive chairman of World Economic Forum (WEF) which he described as a fusion of technologies blurring the lines between the physical, digital and biological spheres. The idia of 4IR commenced commenced toward the end of the first decade of the 21st century (Kimberley, 2019). The 4IR ushered in the idea of virtuality and virtual world. Deloitte (2020) said 4IR refers to the marriage of physical assets and advanced digital technologies - the Internet of Things (IoTs), Artificial Intelligence (AI), robots, drones, autonomous vehicles, 3D printing, cloud computing, nanotechnology, and more - that comminicate , analyze, and act upon information, enabling organization, consumers, and society to be more flexible and responsive and make more intelligent, data-driven decisions. Details of 4IR are in chapter four.
1.7.11 Internet of Things
The term Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the connection of an increasing number of devices and objects over time to the internet. The IoTs bridge between physical and virtual worlds through data processing and exchange to enhance daily businesses. According to Pantami (2022) the datafication of society is a result of the large amounts of data being generated in virtually every industry, and IoTs pay a significant role in this.
1.7.12 Edge Computing
This is a combination of different technologies including grid computing, cloud computing and internet of things (IOTs). This technology brings the internet closer to users, and requires less time and bandwidth to recieve, process and stores data. It has capacity to stores data that is too large to be stored on network and transmits it on cloud computing.
1.7.13 Cloud Computing
Clooud computing means storing and accessing data and programs over the internet instead of your computer's hard drive (Griffith, 2013). At the moment, the internet's primary uses are cloud computing. The term "cloud" evolved from the standard computer language use of surrounding a network of linked computers in a border like a cloud. A consumer can use a computer linked to the internet to request computing resources from a provider utilizing the cloud computing model (Rajaraman, 2020). The word "cloud" comes from natural occurrences that God created, with clouds serving as the primary repository for the world's treasures. These treasures can all be found in clouds and accessible from wherever in the globe. This is similar situation with the cloud computing where a provider serves different outlets of computers. When access made public (to anyone), that is public cloud. But when access restricted for exclusive use of single organization, that is private cloud. And if access extended to cover a community, it is community cloud. Hybrid clouds on the other hand, are created when two or more of these entities (private, public, or community cloud) are combined, and also known as cloud kinds.
With cloud computing, a client may use any contractual computer resource including storage capacity, processing power, or application software directly from a service provider. People have the ability to save emails, place and retrieve information online, thanks to this method. Due to the quick development of computer and telecommunications technology, modifications in the information management paradigm, and the availability of surplus computing resources with large firms like Amazon and Google, cloud computing has become a reality.
1.7.14 3D Printing Technology
This new output tool turns digital information into tangible items. Worldwide, 3D printing technology has attracted a lot of attention as a quick prototype and small-scale production tool.
1.7.15 Technology
The term 5G Technologies is used to describe the 5th Generation cellular communication technology. 5G is linked with big data, internet of things, broadband and mobile communication. 5G is the fastest network for now.
1.7.16 AI Technology
Artificial Intelligence technology is a computer technology that deploys machines to do intelligent exercises man does with high capability and proflciency, the capacity to reason, understand information, and acquire skills in order to use them. The core of artificial intelligence is the capacity to create intelligent machines that see, think, and behave like people. Artificial intelligence (AI) functions including speech recognition, language processing, work schedules, and autonomous performance are present in the majority of our computers and smartphones today.
1.7.17 Block Chain Technology
Block chain is the ledger or record keeping side of a transaction and subsequent transactions. It records the date, time, participants and any other contractual agreement in transactions. Information stored as part of transaction cannot be modified unless agreed by both parties. It involves the storing of information in a distributed tamper - resistant setting.
1.7.18 Drone Technology
Drone is an emerging technology for document delivery. Drones are controlled by remote ground control system referred to as a ground cockpit. Drones were first used for military operations, but other companies have started using it in delivering of parcels to their customers and for other commercial purposes. Drones could be used for delivery of documents and transportation of books to designated areas because they have anchor to carry books and can save time and effort in doing this.
1.7.19 Quick Response Codes (QRC)
Quick Response (QR) code is a type of two-dimensional bar code appears as a small white square with black geometric shapes in which data are encoded based on the position and combination of the black spots read by smart phones\androids with camera. Quick Response (QR) is often referred to as mobile code. It is referred to as QR because it quickly responds to the query, i.e. allow the contents encoded in to be decoded at high speed. The idea behind the development of the QR code is the limitation of the barcode information capacity (can only hold 20 alphanumeric characters). Quick Response (QR) code system consists of a QR code encoder and decoder. The encoder is responsible for encoding data and generation of the QR Code, while the decoder decodes the data from the QR code. The popularity of QR codes is growing rapidly across the world. Nowadays, mobile phones with built-in camera are widely used to recognize the QR Codes. This attraction is as a result of tremendous impacts derive from it and the efficiency of usage. Details of this are in chapter four.
1.7.20 Bing-Chatbot
In the academic world, educators and researchers are always seeking ways to improve their research, writing, and critical thanking skills. One tool that can assist in this exercise is the Bing-Chatbot. Bing-Chatbot is a conversational Artificial Intelligence tool that uses natural language processing to answer queries and provide information. It answers queries presented to it and provide users with information required with it. The use of Bing-Chatbot tool is an efficient and fun way to get quick answers to questions without having to do extensive research in finding answers to the questions or roving for the answers. Bing-Chatbot is a fascinating tool that helps in accomplishing literature review in research. Libraries can use the tool to assist researchers in accomplishing literature review. Researchers turn to the libraries with the tedious task of finding literature sources to be review for new research, Bing-Chatbot is a tool that can be deployed to easily accomplish this task. It is an ultimate tool for accelerating literature review process. Details of this are in chapter four.
1.7.21 Blended-Learning
Blended Learning is in forefront in most institutions across the world and the libraries also playing vital role in this direction. Blended learning has emerged as the latest educational programme making impact in present day classroom teachings. At all levels of education, primary, secondary and tertiary, blended learning is used to bring the digital world and in-class teaching together. Blended learning signifies the use of technology, especially information technology, in support of classroom teachings. According to William (2019) blended learning uses technology to combine in-class and ou-of-class learning, maximising the educational impact for students as a result. The tremendous impacts of blended learning are gradually known to educationists as acceptability of blended learning by educationists keeps rising. Blended learning while retaining the traditional student-teacher format breaks the 'one way conventional teaching format' to 'multiple formats', the combination of conventional and nonconventional (virtuality). It has taken education beyond the physical classroom and allowing students to learn at their pace, anytime, anywhere. Details of blended learning are in chapter four.
1.8 A View of Automated Library Operations
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HighLights:
« Resources Acquisition Exercise
« Resources Cataloguing Exercise
« Resources Dissemination Exercise
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An automated library is one in which the main operations of the library, such as acquisitions, cataloguing, circulation, and serial control, are managed by a computer system. Information work is often tackled from three sides in any information organization: input, processing, and output. This may be translated into acquisition, cataloging, and dissemination in a library. When a library is completely automated, all these tasks are carried out by computers without much assistance from humans thanks to programming. Below, we consider each of these automated functions.
1.8.1 Resources Acquisition Exercise
Acquisition refers to the selection and acquiring of various resources for the library, including printed and non-printed materials, books and non-books, through purchases, donations, loans, exchanges, and other means. This task entails the selection of materials, ordering them, receiving them, verifying their bibliographies, and registering them in the library. Computers are used to enable all of these services. Libraries communicate with users using interconnectivities, particularly the internet, to ascertain their requirements. They can then utilize e-transactions to seek these needs from suppliers or dirrectly from publisher or author. Automation gives libraries the chance to connect with resources immediately available on databases or produced by the publishers. E-publishing and e-books, journals, magazines, and newspapers, as well as many types of softcopies that libraries may purchase and distribute are made possible by automation.
1.8.2 Resources Cataloguing Exercise
The primary goal of cataloguing is to create a tool that will be used to retrieve library materials, which typically includes bibliographic description (descriptive cataloguing), subject analysis and classification (subject cataloguing), and all the tasks involved in getting items ready for the shelf. Nowadays, computers are used to assist the majority of these workouts quickly and efficiently. The majority of libraries have switched to computerized catalogs nowadays. Automated catalog, often known as a machine-readable catalog or digital information, generally refers to a computerized catalog. Examples include Computer Output Microform Catalogue (COMcat), which is available on microfiche or film, Machine-Readable Cataloguing (MARC), which is available on CDs, and Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), which may be accessed over the internet from many locations. In general, the OPAC has made it easier to browse through numerous library documents. Users can search the database catalogue of a certain library associated with from the workstation or computer terminal, including whether or not they are on loan. Using a computer application has made it easier to perform similar tasks, such as indexing and creating other bibliographies that are used to access information in the library.
1.8.3 Resources Dissemination Exercise
Initially, topic lists were classified and preserved as part of the cataloguing process using library automation and were accessed within a particular area (offline). However, as time went on, the concept of telecommunications (the network) and computers being integrated, then, computers were utilized to fulfill user demands outside of the library. Information distribution in automated libraries today mostly relies on computerized circulation. Users now have the option to use libraries at any time (all hours), with barriers and distances abolished. Users can access the library they are affiliated with depending on their connectivity (LAN, WAN, or Internet). The charging and discharging (borrowing and returning of library materials) is a significant issue in circulation. A variety of library resources are loaned to users and automatically returned to the library by remote sensing of users' cards thanks to the introduction of artificial intelligence systems in libraries that are fully automated. Due to this advancement, library collections are now accessible on weekends and holidays. Fast tracking of library data, control, and delivery of overdue notifications to defaulters have all been made possible through automation.
1.9 Advantages of Library Automation
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HighLights:
« Efficiency & Effectiveness in Service Delivery
« Easy & quick acquisition, processing, and transmition of information.
« Quick response to requests and searches
« Creation and upkeep of internet access points
« Provided Multiple Access Points
« Access to information resources in a variety of formats
« Access to information resources from various sources (locations) globally
« Attainment of real-time, the capability of attending several users at almost the same time.
« Preventing unnecessary duplication of information resources and services & saving time, money, effort, & space.
« Flexibility in moderating and updating metadata
« Possibility of storing huge amounts of information and quick retrieval when needed.
« Improved library partnerships, library goods and services enabled globally.
« Establishment of paperless and virtual presence.
« Improved record keeping and display in libraries.
« Facilitated organisation of library resources.
« Facilitated consistency in catcatalogues & interlink of catalogues
« Saves cost in library operation and makes room for other things to be done with the money.
« Boosted library patronage and users participation worldwide.
« Promoted readership activities across the world.
« Foster library-users bond all over the world and integration of activities
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Information technology was leveraged by modern libraries to deliver excellent services that were available everywhere. It is impossible to overstate the advantages associated with this, however some are:
1. The delivery of services at the library became more effective and efficient thanks to library automation. The extent and depth of services offered by libraries have expanded, and the associated costs have decreased, thanks to an automatic management of activities with high rates of speed and error reduction.
2. In libraries, automation made it possible to easily, quickly, and more effectively acquire, process, and transmit modest amounts of information over long distances.
3. Automation has made it possible to respond quickly to any requests or searches made by library customers.
4. Automation allows for the creation and upkeep of internet access points like OPAC.
5. Automation has provided multiple points for accessing library materials. Author, title, subject, series, ISBN/ISSN, etc. are just a few of the various access points it has provided chances for.
6. Automation has made it possible to access information resources in a variety of formats (audio, video or audio-visual).
7. Automation has made it possible to access an infinite amount of informational materials from various sources and locations throughout the globe.
8. Automation gave rise to the concept of real-time, which is the capability of attending several users at almost the same moment without prejudice, because it is interactive, it is user-friendly.
9. With automation unnecessary duplication of information resources and services is prevented, thereby saving time, money, effort, and space in the library.
10. With automation flexibility in moderating and updating metadata attained. Automation has made it possible to update bibliographic information and other library information resources quickly and flexibly.
11. Automation has made it possible to store huge amounts of information and to be quickly retrieved when needed because the electronics used have far larger memory capacities than the traditional shelves and are fast in recalling resources requested.
12. Automation has improved library partnerships. The trade of library goods and services is enabled globally.
13. Automation has made it possible for libraries to establish information requirements via the use of paperless and virtual presence.
14. Automation has improved record keeping and display in libraries. It features improved user statistics as well as record keeping and display, including lists of list-on-order, new arrivals, and collection records. It has made it easier to quickly track down records of loaned items and give defaulters late reminders. Due to the fact that it contains backups, it is reliable and capable of recovering data.
15. Automation has facilitated organisation of library resources. By using a robotic system, it has made it easier to organize the library resources to the patron’s satisfaction.
16. Automation has facilitated consistency in cataloguing of library materials and interlink of library catalogues across the world - the union catalogue.
17. Automation saves cost in library operation. It makes room for other things to be done with money that would have been spent on recruiting or hiring a large number of staff by reducing the number of workers who may be admitted for a job and the size of the library overall.
18. Automation has boosted library patronage and users participation worldwide. More number of users within the location of the libraries and far away log in the libraries websites to establish their presence and utilisation of library resources.
19. Automation has promoted readership activities across the world. Young and old, students and non-students, frequently search for reading materials and utilized them.
20. Automation has foster library-users bond all over the world and integration of activities for better performance.
1.10 Constraints of Library Automation
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HighLights:
« Electronic equipment's fragility.
« Adaptability to swift vanishing and vulnerable to virus attack.
« High cost of equipment.
« Nonexistence of technicians in the libraries.
« Inadequate power supply and frequent outage.
« Inadequate IT infrastructure.
« Lack of IT professionals in libraries
« Prevalence of illiteracy
« Artificial Information overload resulting from inappropriate organization of e-resource.
« Inadequate budgeting of money and resources for effective and consistent running automated libraries.
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The effective ally in enhancing library service delivery is information technology. This is only feasible if information seekers and librarians make good use of the opportunities provided by IT. Although IT resources and facilities sometimes experience strange issues, most of the issues that are associated with them are the result of the people administering and using them. As a result, there are three sources of limitations for library automation: the IT infrastructure, the library administrators, and the library's patrons. Accordingly, some of these restrictions are described below.
1. Electronic equipment's fragility, which makes them quickly dated. Because digital information is brittle and susceptible to corruption, there is rising fear that digital resources won't endure in useable form in the future.
2. Electronic resources' adaptability causes them to vanish swiftly. The use of IT for information handling is associated with some preservation and security risks. For example, the loss of information resources due to a virus attack or a system outright failure can result in a setback for the library where there aren't adequate backups.
3. High cost of IT equipment and little funding for libraries in some areas. Most often, lack of funding for upkeep of the existing libraries has resulted in the collapse or closure of many libraries, particularly in poorer nations where maintenance culture is poorly handled. Some libraries struggle with subscription maintenance fees, which leads to the provision of epileptic services.
4. Inadequate or nonexistent technicians nearby the libraries This resulted in a variety of issues, including maintenance issues.
5. Power outage: Automation of libraries is hampered by a lack of energy or an intermittent supply of it, particularly in nations like Nigeria. In automated libraries, a steady power source is essential. Contrary to traditional libraries, automated libraries require a steady source of electricity to run the electrical features that make them unique.
6. Inadequate IT infrastructure for high user density in, majority of libraries. This frequently applies to libraries in poorer nations.
7. Lack of IT professionals working in libraries is a challenge for the workforce.
8. Prevalence of illiteracy on consumers' parts. The communication system in libraries is supported by networks because of its capacity to give information to those who are looking for it, especially in third-world nations where illiteracy is rife.
9. Automated (electronic) libraries are overloaded with information as a result of the chaos brought on by inappropriate organization of e-resource. Libraries nowadays are looking for the most effective, inexpensive ways to manage and make use of the ever-expanding information base. Obtaining, storing, and transmitting information resources are a common task for many electronic libraries, although few are committed to the task of promoting comprehension. Resources, especially e-resources, are seldom filtered at the point of collection, which leads to the accumulation of redundant and irrelevant information resources, which is referred to as information overload in libraries.
10. Inadequate budgeting of money and resources is underpinning effective and consistent running of automated libraries in most underdeveloped countries which Nigeria is a part. Automating library actiactivities is a nice one, but on the other hand, sustainability is much better. Many e-libraries are off-way because of no money to sustain subscription of data and other important facilities to keep-way the libraries.
1.11 Chapter Summary
This chapter covers:
o The concept of library automation
o Basic rationale behind library automation
o Genesis and transformations in library automation
o Some basic and trending concepts in automation
§ Social media (WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter)
§ 4IR (Fourth Industrial Revolution)
§ Internet of Things
§ Quantum Computing
§ Edge computing
§ Cloud Computing
§ 3D Printing Technology
§ 5G Technology
§ AI Technology
§ Blockchain Technology
§ Drone Technology
§ Quick Response (QR) code
§ Bing-Chatbot
§ Blended Learning
o Automated library operations
o Main advantages of library automation
o Major constraints of library automation
1.12 Evaluation
§ Describe the concept of library automation.
§ Identify five basic rationales behind library automation.
§ Discuss genesis and transformations in library automation in five lines.
§ Describe five basic and trending concepts in automation affecting library automation.
§ Itemise five automated library operations.
§ Mention five advantages of library automation.
§ Outline five constraints of library automation.
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