Chapter Three
Current trends and Issues of Automation in Library and Information Resources Organization & Preservation Exercise
[Cataloguing -Processing]
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3.1 Chapter objectives
On completion of this chapter readers should be able to:
1. Describe the concept of Retrospective Conversion
2. Itemise procedures involve in Retrospective Conversion of bibliographic records (metadata)
3. Itemise procedures involve in Retrospective Conversion of book materials
4. List equipment used for Retrospective Conversion of book materials
5. Give account of efforts made on Retrospective Conversion in Nigeria
6. Explain the concept of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
7. Mention the merits of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
8. List structural parts of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
9. Distinguish between RDA and AACR2 Vocabularries
10. Identify major differences between RDA and AAR2
11. Itemise procedures in the mplementation of RDA
12. Identify some of the RDA Training Sources
13. Describe the system of Online Cataloguing
14. State functions and values of online cataloguing & catalogues
15. Outiline Online Cataloguing Procedures using WorldCat Services
16. Enumerate Online Cataloguing Procedures using Google
17. Describe the system of Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
18. List Procedures in Searching Online Public Access Catalogue
19. Give account of ICT Utilization in Preserving and Accessing Information in libraries in Nigeria
20. Itemise Types of ICT resources used in libraries in Nigeria
21. Enumerate Number of Records in Database in libraries in Nigeria
22. List Library Software used in libraries in Nigeria
23. Identify Internet Access Technologies in libraries in Nigeria
24. Mention ICT-Based Library Activities performed in libraries in Nigeria
25. State ICT-Based Library Services offer in libraries in Nigeria
26. Identify Major challenges to the use of ICT in libraries in Nigeria
27. State Strategies for improving the use of ICT in libraries in Nigeria
3.2 Chapter introduction
In this chapter users are introduced to:
1. The concept of Retrospective Conversion
2. Procedures involve in Retrospective Conversion of bibliographic records (metadata)
3. Procedures involve in Retrospective Conversion of book materials
4. Equipment used for Retrospective Conversion of book materials
5. Efforts made on Retrospective Conversion in Nigeria
6. The concept of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
7. The merits of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
8. The structural parts of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
9. Distincts between RDA and AACR2 Vocabularries
10. Differences between RDA and AAR2
11. Procedures in the mplementation of RDA
12. Some of the RDA Training Sources
13. The system of Online Cataloguing
14. Functions and values of online cataloguing & catalogues
15. Online Cataloguing Procedures using WorldCat Services
16. Online Cataloguing Procedures using Google
17. The system of Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
18. Procedures in Searching Online Public Access Catalogue
19. An account of ICT Utilization in Preserving and Accessing Information in libraries in Nigeria
20. Types of ICT resources used in libraries in Nigeria
21. Number of Records in Database in libraries in Nigeria
22. Library Software used in libraries in Nigeria
23. Internet Access Technologies in libraries in Nigeria
24. ICT-Based Library Activities performed in libraries in Nigeria
25. ICT-Based Library Services offer in libraries in Nigeria
26. Major challenges to the use of ICT in libraries in Nigeria
27. Strategies for improving the use of ICT in libraries in Nigeria
3.3 Retrospective Conversion
HighLights:
« Concept of Retrospective Conversion
« retrospective Conversion of Bibliographic Records (Metadata)
« retrospective Conversion of Book Materials
« Equipment for retrospective Conversion
« Procedures for Retrospective Conversion
« Efforts made on Retrospective Conversion in Nigeria
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3.3.1 The Concept of Retrospective Conversion
Automation has sprang up new trends and issues in every segment of the library and information work from document creation/collection to preservation, organization and delivery/dissemination. Retrospective conversion is another way of improving the status of library collection and overall preservation. Convertion of hardcopies of materials to softcopies facilities preservation and organisation of the materials, and this is what retrospective conversion implies.
The term retrospective grammatically means looking back on past (event, situation or items) by way of studying, examining, improving, exhibiting or transcending it. Technically and with regard to the field of library & information science, retrospective is taken as works created or published in the past, rather than current or recently issued materials. Thus, in the same field, retrospective conversion specifically refers to as the process of converting existing manual or human-readable bibliographic records into machine-readable format. But in another way and in a more general sense, it is the process of converting nondigital source material to digital form (Reitz, 2004). This encompassing conversion of all kinds of past created or existing nondigital (non-electrform) materials to digital or electronic formats. That is a process of converting hardcopies of materials to softcopies, normally to be accessed offline or online. This i also known as digitisation. A lot of academic libraries in Nigeria are putting more efforts in digitising existing manual records especially projects of students and staff in their institutions. This is as a support received from Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund).
3.3.2 Retrospective Conversion of Bibliographic Records (Metadata)
The process of converting existing bibliographic records (metadata) from non-electronic (manual) to electronic form is normally done by matching manual records one after one to those already in an authoritative database of electronic records. Once match made, downloads of electronic records are made, and this can be as much as needed. OCLC provides most of the MARC records used in retrospective conversion across different nations. In this case equipment needed is a computer system with internet service provision to lunch on OCLC menu and carry out the exercise.
3.3.3 Retrospective Conversion of Book Materials
Retrospective conversion of existing hardcopies of book and non-book materials to softcopies is a current trend in most tertiary institution libraries in Nigeria. This is been supported by Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) and specifically covers research reports (projects, thesis, dissertations) of graduated students in various institutions. The process of converting nondigital book material to digital form required methodological planning, proper funding, and provision of appropriate equipment. Equipment required in the exercise and procedures involved are explicitly discussed below as well as brief note on efforts made on retrospective conversion in Nigeria.
3.3.4 Equipment for Retrospective Conversion
In retrospective conversion, the items listed below are used;
1. The Scanner: A peripheral device that convert printed texts/graphics or barcodes into machine readable or digital format for processing or display on a computer screen.
2. The Computer System: An electronic device that performs mathematical calculations, logical operations and process (manipulate texts & graphics), store and retrieve large amount of data very quickly. Also, access and share data on net.
3. The Buffa: a personal cloud storage device usually RAM, used for storing data while it is being processed or transfer between two system components that have different operating speeds, e.g., scanner and CPU.
4. The Router: a connector to the internet that link/share documents scanned. Router is a hardware device that performs many functions in the control of network traffic, it directs the tiny packets of digital data comprising an electronic message from one node on a computer network to another by the most efficient pathway (Reitz, 2004).
3.3.5 Procedures for Retrospective Conversion
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HighLights:
« Connect & turn-on the gadgets
« Lunch the application - the Navigator
« Unveil OCR (Optical Character Recognition)
« Lunch the Kupar (the application software for scanning)
« Click on PDFEX
« Place the document to be scanned on the screen
« Click on scan to capture the page or document
« Click on finish to save pages as an entity
« For Remote Access by users,
lunch on teamviewer application software
« Go to settings and click on more to view PDF
« Click on PDF to view PDFx and then
« Click on this (PDFx) to connect to Internet
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Retrospective conversion is a series of activities done sequentially. From the beginning, clear criteria and proper manners should be set aside for the collection of materials to be scanned and converted to electronic formats to actualise the aims of doing so. Empirical research presented above (in chapter three) throws light to this with regards to the strategies for collection of grey literature resources either for conversion or packaging for use. It is when materials are collected the steps below are sequentially followed.
1. First connect and turn-on all the gadgets (scanner, computer, router, and buffer) and then,
2. Lunch the application (Navigator) to ascertain connectivity. Once the connectivity is normal then,
3. Unveil OCR (Optical Character Recognition) to view applications for scanning including Kupar software used for scanning book.
4. Lunch the Kupar procedures station software for scanning) to open and permit scanning of document/book page by page.
5. Click on PDFEX
6. Place the document to be scanned on the screen of the scanner properly. This should be done page by page as you scan.
7. Click on scan to capture the page or document. If it is a book, as you scan, the pages will be arranged automatically, and as you finished scanning all pages of a book then,
8. Click on finish and all pages will be saved as an entity (a book) in Buffalo storage device.
9. For Remote Access by users, lunch on TeamViewer application software installed in the computer. Go to settings and click on more to view PDF, click on PDF to view PDFx and then click on this (PDFx) to connect to Internet through the router.
3.3.6 Efforts Made on Retrospective Conversion in Nigeria
Retrospective conversion of students' research reports is a current exercise in academic libraries in Nigeria supported by Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund). The reports cover projects, thesis and dissertation containing reports of research carried out by students in partial fulfillment for the award of various certificates; degrees (bachelors, masters, doctorates), NCEs, diplomas and professional courses. This when done is expected to be saved in a single depository link to net. This effort when accomplished would facilitate usage of research findings in Nigeria and also reduced duplication of efforts. A browse on this treasure would allow researchers identify gaps that exist in research and where to play part. Also, issues of plagiarism and piracy would be checked and easily trapped. Beside these, there would be promotion of local contents consumption; the consumption of intellectual write-ups coming out of the country (Nigeria) and excel of these write-ups to other nations.
However, this gesture is expected to be extended to other important print literature resources that constitute larger part of collection in Nigeria libraries and in the institutions where libraries are located. But the beginning with research reports is an indication of extending to other literature resources. And when this is done, there would be increase in number of electronic literature resources in Nigeria libraries.
In the light of above, findings of the empirical research presented below on the strategies for collection of electronic grey literature resources can be applied as well in the collection and synthesis of grey literature resources floating in and around library communities for retrospective conversion.
3.4 Resources Description and Access (RDA)
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HighLights:
« The Concept of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
« Merits of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
« The Structure of Resources Description & Access
RDA Vocabulary in Comparison with AACR2
« RDA Differences with AAR2
« Implementation of RDA
« RDA Training Sources
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Resources Description and Access (RDA) is a well-developed library cataloging system that is pushing away card catalogue format in the libraries. In fact, it has even pushed away card catalogues in many libraries in Nigeria. And in where they present, their presence is adversely ignored. Ever since, according to Nwosu (2012) the card catalogue is a long-departed technology.
Resources Description and Access (RDA) is a well-developed library cataloging code used to describes every single material in the library and an efficient aid to accessing information resources. As a matter of fact, Resources Description and Access metamorphosis from AACR2R - the revised edition of AACR2 in 2002. RDA was built to encompassing requirements for cataloguing many media including Portable Document Fomart (PDF) or coded Extensible Markup Language's (XML). The building of RDA is in such way that captures facilitating components (description, relationships, authority, control and appendices).
3.4.1 Merits of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
Resources Description & Access (RDA) provides a comprehensive set of guidelines and institutions for resources description and accessing encompassing all categories of media. The essence of RDA is to establish Library cataloguing code that facilitates information resources organisation and retrieval; a very fast and easy way of accessing library information resources. And this is achieved with the outcome of RDA. Unlike AACR2R, RDA is suitable to cataloguing Portable Document Format (PDF) and coded Extensible Markup Language (XML) as well as other media. In fact, the challenges faced with the use of AAR2R in cataloguing PDF and XML documents necessitated the development of RDA by a joint committee for the revision of AACR and an International Committee of Library and research institutions. RDA provides sufficient guidelines for resources description and access encompassing types and contents of media. An aid to easy identification, selection, and locating required information resource(s).
3.4.2 The Structure of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
Resources Description and Access (RDA) is structurally divided into:
· CORE elements
· Alternative rules
· Optional omissions & additions
· 'Or' instructions, and
· Local policies
3.4.3 Resources Description & Access (RDA) Vocabulary in Comparison with AACR2
AACR2: RDA:
· Heading = Authorised Access Point
· Author/Composer = Creator
· Main entary = Preferred title/Authorised Access Point
· Uniform title. = Preferred title or Conventional Collective Title
· See reference. = Variant Access Point
3.4.4 Resources Description & Access (RDA) Differences with AAR2
« Difference in Scope:
AACR2: | RDA: |
Here description is based on · ISBD elements · Class of materials · Mode of issuance · Type of description | Here description is based on · Attributes of FRBR entities · Types of content and carrier · Mode of issuance · Type of description |
Access is based on · Choice of access pointspoints · Form of headings · Reference | Access is based on · FRBR relationships · Attributes ofvFRAD entities · FRAD relationships · Subject relationships |
Source: El-Shabini (2013)
« Difference in Description
There are changes brought by RDA with regards to used terms. RDA came up with new terms that replaced some familiar terms of AACR2. The new terms are derived from functionality perspective and international cataloguing principles earlier established. Below are these:
AACR2: | RDA: |
Areas | Elements |
Heading | Authorised Access Point |
Main entry | Authorised Access Point for creator + preferred title |
Author, Composer, etc. | Creator |
See reference | Variant Access Point |
See also reference | Authorised Access Point |
Adds entries | Access Points |
Physical description | Carrier Description |
Chief source | Preferred source |
Uniform title | Preferred title + other information to differente |
Note | Conventional collective title |
General Material Designation (GMD) | Describing content IR recording relationships replaced by: Media type Carrier type Content type |
Source: El-Shabini (2013)
3.4.5 Procedures for the Implementation of RDA
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HighLights:
« Implementation Team Establishment Stage
« Exploration Stage
« Installation Stage
« Initial Implementation Stage
« Full Implementation Stage
« Project Monitoring & Evaluation Stage
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Resources Description and Access (RDA) implementation is an easy task but until librarians of the concerned library are determined to do so. The challenges often for seen in the implementation RDA are largelly attributed to human factor. However, as far as 2013 Fixsen et al itemised the implementation stages of RDA as; Exploration, Installation, Initial Implementation, and Full Implementation. In addition to these, from the administrative point of view, is the establishment of implementation team from the begging and monitoring & evaluation of the exercise at the end and time-to-time. These are represented below:
1. Implementation Team Establishment Stage
Selection of formidable implementation team should be the first stage in every task of project implementation. Although Fixsen eta al (2013) begins with exploration stage but some individuals made mention of team selection as the beginning. One of these individuals is Jagboro (2015) in a paper titled Implementing RDA in Your ILS: Achieving User-Freindly Access to Information' he said the first step towards implementation of RDA in any library is to select an Implementation Team. The memberships of this team should be seasoned catalogers and well knowledgeable of AACR2 as well as possess ample knowledge of RDA. The memberships must be charismatic enough to implement other stages of implementation that follows.
2. Exploration Stage
This is the foundation stage and where work start and where solid foundation be laid for other tasks ahead. Appropriate discharge of this stage entails the success of others and vice-vasal. According to Jagboro (2015) this is the preliminary stage that requires a lot of planning, training, identification of needed resources and development of local policies. In planning, a lot of factors should be considered including cataloguing staff strength of the library, staff to be trained, coast implications, where/how to source RDA toolkit (online subscription or book form), acceptation and exemption of things/rules, and when/where to start. Also at this stage, a decision needs to be taken on whether to start with new records or modifying existing records, and way of cataloguing (copy cataloguing or original cataloguing). These are few factors but other factors exist that should be considered at this stage.
3. Installation Stage
This is a critical stage of installing equipment and facilities needed to do the work ahead. At this stage, Implementation team help organization secure the needed resources (such as the RDA toolkits) to execute the work ahead and prepare (coach) the staff for the new practices. Putting in pace facilities and preparing staff for the practice need serious attention of implementation team because failure in this would definitely lead to failure of the all exercise.
4. Initial Implementation Stage
This is the initial stage when RDA is being used for the first time in the library. It is another critical stage that also needs serious attention of implementation team and all stakeholders. At this stage, selected staffs for the task are putting into use the newly acquired skills. A lot of challenges may be faced at this stage due to awkwardness associated with trying new things and changing from system of work quite familiar with. The beginning of the initial implementation stage is while RDA set at Day One. If the library has set its RDA Day One, it would be good to start data inputting with LMS demo until staff develop some level of confidence (Jagboro, 2015). Also at this stage, copy cataloguing is a good starting point. In this case, implementation staffs are to download records from LC, OCLC or from the library that has already implemented RDA. Records when downloaded, make necessary changes inline with local RDA documentation but maintain degree of uniformity in online catalogue. However, the implementation team should give the needed support and encouragement to cataloguing staff so as to concentrate on the work and achieve high level of success.
5. Full Implementation Stage
Unlike initial implementation stage, at full implementation stage cataloguing staff members are already familiar with the new system, what is now needed is improvement upon quality of service. Attainment of full Implementation is when fifty percent (50%) or greater than that (50%>) of the staff and team members are used to RDA; using it effectively with appreciable level of fidelity and good results. At this stage, the new ways of providing services are now the standard ways of work where practitioners and staff routinely provide high quality services (Jagboro, 2015). And at this end, frequent evaluation of the exercise is necessary to achieve and maintain standard ways of work.
6. Project Monitoring & Evaluation Stage
Evaluation exercise is a critical stage in every task. This is to ascertain the level of compliance, achievement or degree of outcome (the end result). As earlier stated, the level of achievement in the RDA implementation is when fifty percent (50%) or greater than fifty percent (50%>) of the staff and team members are used to RDA; using it effectively with appreciable level of fidelity and good results. To set a high target, eighty percent and above (80>) can be targeted as level of achievement. Implementation evaluation should be a continuous exercise once implementation exercise attained appreciable level. This is to identity challenges face in implementing RDA and proffer solutions. With this, the exercise would be sustained, improved, and quality services assured. Moreover, monitory and evaluation of RDA exercise with particular reference to copy-cataloguing is also necessary in order to maintain degree of uniformity in online cataloguing and catalogues.
3.4.6 Resources Description & Access (RDA) Training Sources
There many avenues for the training of RDA; online and offline, local and international. Some major sources are:
· RDA Toolkit: Teaching & Training http://www.RDA toolkit.org/training
· OCLC: About RDA http://www.OCLC.org/RDA/about.end.html
· Library of Congress (LC) RDA Training Materials http://www.loc.gov/cat workshop/RDA%20training%materials/index.html
· ALCTS (Association for Library Collection & Technical Services) Cataloguing & RDA Webinars http://www.ala.org/alcts/confevents/upcoming/webinar/cat
3.5 Online Cataloguing
HighLights:
« The system of Online Cataloguing
« Functions and values of online cataloguing & catalogues
« Online Cataloguing Procedures using WorldCat Services
« Online Cataloguing Procedures using Google
« The system of Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
« Procedures in Searching Online Public Access Catalogue
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Online cataloguing is a contemporary trend worldwide but quite challenging in Nigerian libraries. The process of cataloging has been moved online. But as the beginning, it is good to review the all processes beggining from the starting point when Machine Readable Cataloguing (MARC) came to existence. MARC metamorphoses to online cataloguing and sharing. The development of computer and ability of it to be used in information manipulation but could not read nor handle records of card catalogues provided for in the AACR2R, arose the need for the development of a system to make computers read and interpret data in the cataloguing records. This was kickstarted as a pilot project for capturing and distributing Library of Congress catalogue records in machine-readable form to participated libraries. This effort resulted into a standard format for creation, distribution and exchange of all categories of bibliographic data in machine-readable forms. At this turn, in 1960s, Library of Congress constituted a Taskforce (Retrospective Conversion - RECON) for a comprehensive study for the conversion of retrospective catalogue records in the library to machines readable forms. The report of this committee was published in 1969. Following this report, the Machine-Readable Cataloguing became an international standard accepted for bibliographic description in machine-readable form like the normal catalogue standards but contains additional information.
Beyond this, the different editions of MARC of the Library of Congress and National Library of Canada (USMARC and CANMARC) emerged but the two later harmonised for international usage under the name MARC21, with 21 signifying 21st century. And ever since, MARC has gain wider acceptance by libraries worldwide. With the expansion of automation and acceptance of MARC format by more number of libraries, retrospective conversion of existing manual records becomes greater, and this was the buttonline for library Networkings (cooperations and integration of computerised library systems and services worldwide through the Internet). Today, many individual libraries upload their catalogue records done off-line or manually on internet and cooperate in online cataloguing to jointly produce union catalogues, the likes of WorldCat. WorldCat is a union catalogue of libraries of participatory member country. WorldCat originates from Ohio College Library Center (OCLC) that was renamed 'Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC)'. Same to this is also Online Cataloguing of Library of Congress (OCLC) where participating libraries contribute its holdings and where cataloguing services provide to libraries across the globe within internet paths.
3.5.1 Online Cataloguing Procedures Using Worldcat Services
Online subject cataloguing (classification) is a trend in most Nigeria libraries especially academic libraries of tertiary institutions. Some of the libraries deploy the services of WorldCat to actualise the exercise. The steps in cataloguing window of WorldCat services are as follows:
1. First, on the computer and connect to the net
2. Enter into the WorldCat website
3. Sign on by entering authorisation code and password into the provided space-boxes and click a box written 'Log on' to get access to other instructions. * Each library uses its peculiar authorisation code and password to access WorldCat services.
4. Choose and enter the type of search; Basic or Advanced. *In Basic Search only the ISBN is required to search for materials while in Advanced Search additional bibliographic details required.
5. For Basic search, enter ISBN in the 'search for' bar and then click on it, the title will be displayed.
6. Select the title using cursor to click on it the full bibliographic details of title selected will be displayed.
7. Copy the bibliographic details to the worksheet or add to existing catalogues.
3.5.2 Online Cataloguing Procedures Using Google
Online subject cataloguing (classification) through google is also a trend in most libraries. Here are guidelines to online classification using google:
1. On the system and connect to the net (the Internet).
2. Key-in to the Google Search engine by typying the web address (http//www.google.com).
3. Type-in site address 'Library of Congress Online Cataloge' at space provided. Do the typing even though the typing icon blinks and written address will surface.
4. Then click on the surfaced address 'Library of Congress Catalog' this brings out Basic Search.
5. Click on the Basic Search to see: -Title
- Subject
- Call No.
- LCCN, ISBN or ISSBN.
6. Click again on Basic Search to see Basic Search and a box where you will type-in the title of the book and then click on search, this displays the bibliographic details of the book.
7. Then copy the class Number of the book. *For the Call Number if is not seen in the information displayed, click on the title of the book to view full information on worksheet that Call Number can be seen.
3.5.3 Online Public Access Catalogue (Opac)
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HighLights:
« The system of Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
« Functions and Values of Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
« Procedures in Searching Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
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The internet has evolved into a resource for cataloging library materials and providing access to users of those materials. In this way, libraries are able to create words and notations for topic objects that are uniform and consistent, and union catalogues are the end result of today the likes of OPAC. Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is a database composed of bibliographic records describing the books and other materials owned by a library or library system, accessible via public terminals or workstations usually concentrated near the reference desk of the libraries (Reitz, 2004). Online catalogues are in most cases searchable by author, title, subject, and some keywords. Online catalogues permit print, download, or export of records to e-mail account. The current Rubicon of library automation is an Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) that is pooling libraries together across the world. An OPAC is simple designed to offer the followings:
1. To provide access to library materials
2. To provide multiple access points to library users
3. To give information about materials borrowed out of the library and those available in the stock of the library.
Online Public Access Catalogues gives users access to information at every level of the processing of resources and the final activity of circulation. Documents' technical processing may now be organized and utilised for higher productivity thanks to computer-based technology - the OPAC.
3.5.4 Procedures in Searching Online Public Access Catalogue (Opac)
The following are guidelines for searching records on online Public Access Catalogue:
1. Use the cursor to select preferred access points/search options (i.e., author, title, and subject).
2. Use the keyboard to type the search term/phrase in the search bar and click 'Begin search' and wait for the result. *The search term or phrase could be author's surname, title or subject of what is required.
3. Use the cursor to select the desired title by clicking on it once and then click on 'view detail' the bibliographic details are displayed on a small pop-up window, within this a 'call mumber' or 'call mark' as the name implies. It is the call number required to locate the required material on the shelves.
3.6 ICT Utilization in Preserving and Accessing Information in Libraries of Colleges of Education in Nigeria
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HighLights:
« ICT Resources Use in the Libraries
« No. of Records in Database in the libraries
« Library Software Use in the surveyed Libraries
« Internet Technologies Use in the surveyed Libraries
« Computer&Related Technologies Activities in the Libraries
« ICT-based Library Services offered in the surveyed Libraries
« Challenges posed by the Use of ICT in the surveyed Libraries
« Strategies for Improving the Use of ICT in the surveyed Libraries
« ICT Utilization overall-proportion of Surveyed Libraries in Percentage
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Abstract
ICT use in libraries in Nigeria started in the early 1990s. ICT usage in Nigeria has not made much progress as at the time. However, there has been significant improvement recently, notably at the libraries of Nigerian Colleges of Education (C.O.E), which were the focus of this research. The essence of the research was to assess the role of ICT in these libraries, obstacles to ICT usage, and possible solutions to the obstacles. Eight research questions served as the study's guiding principles, and a descriptive survey research design was used. Simple random selection was conducted among a population of 60 librarians. Data gathering involved the use of a structured questionnaire. The gathered information was examined and displayed in a frequency table, with the proportion (or percentage) of each state being emphasized as needed. However, the research found that the majority of libraries in Nigerian colleges of education employ standalone computers with limited word processing and bibliographic database management capabilities. While others have a limited capacity for sharing external resources online and have an internet connection. Most libraries make use of the CDS/ISIS program. A network server and many PCs spread across the library's various sections make up the Graphical Library Automation System (GLAS), which is located in one of the libraries. This system is used to manage serials, acquire books, categorize them, and construct bibliographic databases. Even while ICT use has advanced significantly in the majority of libraries, it is still in its infancy in some of them. This was caused by a multitude of issues, including administrators' and policymakers' ignorance of the value of ICT, a lack of coordinated efforts, a lack of qualified labor, a lack of long-term planning, a lack of funding, and a lack of infrastructure. As a result, the report suggested that administrators, policy makers, and personnel be made aware of the significance of ICT, long-term planning, and the supply of enough budget and infrastructure, among other things.
3.6.1 Introduction
The globalization of information and knowledge resources is a result of ICT's (information and communication technology) increased acceptance and utilization. Users always have access to full-text texts, bibliographic databases, and digital library collections. There are obstacles in the way of this advancement, both technological and human-related. Prior to this study, other comparable studies conducted throughout the globe bemoaned various difficulties with ICT use, notably in libraries. Although Bangladesh was one of the early nations to start using information technology in 1964, the field of ICT-based libraries is still in its infancy today. Administrative obstacles, a shortage of competent labor, joint endeavors, financial assistance, infrastructure, and ICT training programs are just a few of the issues that Shariful-Islam and Nazmul-study Islam's identified as contributing to this unpleasant scenario. They said that compared to private and special libraries, these issues are far more serious in public libraries.
Another research on the use of ICT in public libraries in the Niger Republic found that a major barrier to the development or installation of ICT equipment in the libraries was a lack of understanding of technological advancements. That, most librarians in these libraries lack sufficient expertise of computer programs and automation, which is a problem for the area's use of ICT. Similar circumstances also exist in Ghana; in Annan's study on the use of ICT in Ghana's state libraries, it was noticed that a lack of funding had complicated the potential of ICT use in such libraries. More specifically, the establishment of ICT-based libraries in the region has been hampered by library staff members' resistance to new technology.
Kenya is one of the African nations that have gotten a lot of funding from foreign donors for ICT, but Anthony's research revealed that the influence of the funds is not truly felt due to library staff members' resistance to adopt new technology. Additionally, plans for ICT usage have not been provided by library officials. In Nigeria, public libraries experience ITC usage issues far more severely than university libraries do. This was observed in research performed by Aaron on the use of ICT in Nigerian public libraries. The development of ICT in the area is hampered by inadequate physical facilities, poor telecommunications infrastructure, and unstable power supplies. In addition, few libraries offer internet access.
However, it is important to remember that Nigerian libraries, particularly those at colleges of education, started utilizing computers in the early 1990s. Since then, there hasn't been much growth in Nigerian libraries' use of computers. However, there has been significant improvement recently, especially at Nigeria Colleges of Education (C.O.E) libraries. However, this dramatic incident in the libraries of Nigerian colleges of education calls for a scientific analysis of the situation, particularly in the colleges of the north central states where ICT use is at an all-time high, in order to determine the degree of advancement made in the use of ICT in this area. Five states—Abuja (Federal Capital Territory-Abuja), Benue, Kogi, Nasarawa, Niger, and plateau—as well as the federal capital were included in this region. The choice of the location was necessitated by the fact that no analogous research had been conducted in the area at the time, as had been done in other parts of Nigeria. Additionally, the researcher is familiar with the location and would have no trouble reaching the chosen respondents. Nigeria is the largest Africa country in west part of Africa with thirty-six states and Federal Capital Territory.
3.6.2 Purpose of the study
The purpose of this study was to determine the position of ICT in Nigeria Colleges of Education Libraries with specific aim of identifying;
i. The types of ICT resources used in the libraries
ii. The Number of Records in Database in the libraries
iii. The Library Software used in the libraries
iv. The Internet Access Technologies in the libraries
v. The ICT-Based Library Activities performed in the libraries
vi. The ICT-Based Library Services offer in the libraries
vii. The Major challenges to the use of ICT in the libraries, and
viii. The Strategies for improving the use of ICT in the libraries.
3.6.3 Research Questions
What type of ICT Resources used in the libraries?
i. What number of Records in Database in the libraries?
ii. What type of Library Software used in the libraries?
iii. What type of Internet Technologies used in the libraries?
iv. What type of Activities Performed by ICTs in the libraries?
v. What type of ICT-based Library Services offer in the libraries?
vi. What are the challenges to the use of ICT in the libraries?
vii. What are the strategies for improving the use of ICT in the libraries?
3.6.4 Methodology
This study used a descriptive survey research design as its methodology. In descriptive research, data are often gathered, arranged, and evaluated before being described in their natural environment [8]. Because the study's goal was to depict the real situation regarding the use of ICT in libraries at colleges of education in Nigeria, this design was judged appropriate for the study. Additionally, the choice of this design was influenced by Shariful Islam and Nazmul Islam's successful empirical research of the Use of ICT in Selected Libraries in Bangladesh (2007). A population of about 60 librarians was used. Using simple random sampling technique, sample size of 10 librarians from each state of North Central and FCT Abuja arrived at.
Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire, along with field observations and unstructured interviews. Three eminent scholars in the field of library and information science from the University of Nigeria face validated these instruments. These experts' contributions were taken into consideration and utilised in the study. Twelve research assistants, two from each state, assisted the researchers in administering the study equipment. These research assistants were librarians with background in managing research projects.
The gathered information was examined and displayed in a frequency table, with the proportion (or percentage) of each state being emphasized as needed. However, in order to support the data gathered through questionnaire, extra information was gained through field observation and an unstructured interview.
3.6.5 The Results
3.6.5.1 ICT Resources Used in Nigeria Colleges Of Education Libraries
To guarantee the effectiveness of the library activities, colleges of education in Nigeria utilize a variety of ICT equipment. The ICT resources in the examined libraries are displayed in the following table.
Table 1: ICT Resources Used in the Libraries
S/N | ICT facilities | States: Abuja | Benue | Kogi | Nasarawa | Niger | Plateau | Total |
1 | Computers (Cps) | 245 | 106 | 154 | 102 | 103 | 108 | 818 |
2 | Cps connected to Internet | 127 | 95 | 132 | 93 | 76 | 99 | 622 |
3 | CD-ROMs | 108 | 06 | 27 | 13 | - | 22 | 176 |
4 | Audio Cassettes | 31 | 52 | 26 | 13 | - | 18 | 140 |
5 | Video Cassettes | 119 | 67 | 58 | 71 | 28 | 24 | 367 |
6 | Scanners | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 12 |
7 | Printers | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 15 |
8 | Photocopiers | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 07 |
Total per Library | 639 | 331 | 404 | 294 | 213 | 276 | 2157 | |
Note: the dash indicates no response which means not available.
In the table above it would be understood that library in federal capital-Abuja has higher number of ICT resources than others which signifies that it uses more number of ICT resources than others. The library in Niger state has the lowest number of ICT resources followed by plateau and Nasarawa states, which signifies that the libraries in these states use less numbers of ICT resources when compared with other libraries. It would also be learnt that total number of two thousand one hundred and fifty-seven ICT resources are available in all of the libraries surveyed.
3.6.5. 2. Number of Records in Database In the Libraries.
The following table displays the database's record count in comparison to the overall library collection as well as its ratio to the total collection.
Table 2: Number of Records in Database in the Libraries
S/N | Library collection | States: Abuja | Benue | Kogi | Nasarawa | Niger | Plateau | Total |
1 | Total library collection (Books and non-books) | 6,017 | 5,922 | 7,528 | 4,424 | 7,361 | 5,571 | 36,823 |
2 | No. of records in Database | 126 | 97 | 109 | 57 | 12 | 09 | 410
|
3 | Ratio between total no. of records and no. of records in database | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.1 |
Studying the table two above, it would be learnt that all the surveyed libraries have less number of records in database when compared with the total library collection because non of the libraries ratio reached one. FCT-Abuja libraries top the list of the ratio followed by Kogi state libraries not Benue state because Kogi has greater number of records in the database than Benue. Libraries of Niger and Plateau are far left behind when compared with some of the libraries.
3.4.5. 3 Types Of Library Software In Use In The Libraries.
The following table shows the software used by the libraries:
Table 3: Library Software Used in the Libraries
S/N | Library Software | States: Abuja | Benue | Kogi | Nasarawa | Niger | Plateau | Total |
1 | Library Management Software (locally developed) | - | - | - | - | - | √ | 1 |
2 | CDS/ISIS (For indexing journals and newspapers) | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | 4 |
3 | Library MIS (Based upon CDS/ISIS) | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | 2 |
4 | GLAS (Graphical Library Automation System) | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
5 | Alice for windows | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | 2 |
Total per Library | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 | |
Note: the dash indicates no response which means not used.
Table three above indicates that only FCT-Abuja library used three different types of software including GLAS software while others use two or one. In Plateau there is a locally developed Library Management Software.
3.6.5.4 Internet Access Technologies in The Libraries.
Table 4: Internet Technologies Used in the Libraries
S/N | Library Software | States: Abuja | Benue | Kogi | Nasarawa | Niger | Plateau | Total |
1 | Availability of Internet Infrastructure | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
2 | Number of computers (i.e., access points) | 127 | 95 | 132 | 93 | 76 | 99 | 622 |
3 | Average users per day | 200 | 150 | 170 | 150 | 100 | 150 | 890 |
Ratio between access points and average no. of users | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | |
Table four depicts availability of Internet infrastructure in all the surveyed libraries, and also depicts that the access points in these libraries are far below the demand of the users because the number of computers (i.e., access points) in almost all libraries are not up to the average number of users per day. Going by ratio above, two or more users are to share a point at a time a such they ended up waiting lining up for
3.6.5.5. Ict-Based Library Activities Performed in The LIBRARIES
Table 5: Activities Performed by Computer and Related Technologies in the Libraries
S/N | Activities | States: Abuja | Benue |
Kogi |
Nasarawa |
Niger |
Plateau | Total |
1 | Data Processing | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
2 | Communication | √ | - | √ | √ | - | √ | 4 |
3 | Circulation | √ | - | √ | √ | - | √ | 4 |
4 | Cataloging | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
5 | Bibliography | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
6 | Serial control | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | 2 |
7 | Preparing in house database | √ | - | √ | - | √ | - | 3 |
Total per Library | 7 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 31 | |
Note: the dash indicates no response which means not available.
In table five, Abuja and Kogi top the list of the activities performed by computer and related technologies, followed by Nasarawa and plateau states. Benue is the least in the table. It is also clear in this table that most libraries use computers for data processing and bibliographic analysis and preparation.
3.6.5.6. ICT-Based Library Services Offer in The Libraries
The following table illustrates the different services provided by the libraries: Table 6: ICT-based Library Services in the Libraries
S/N | ICT-based library Facilities | States: Abuja | Benue |
Kogi |
Nasarawa |
Niger |
Plateau |
Total |
1 | CD-ROM Searching | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | 5 |
2 | Online Searching | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | √ | 5 |
3 | Online Networking | √ | - | √ | √ | - | √ | 4 |
4 | Online Information Service | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
5 | Online Reservation Service | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | 2 |
6 | Database Searching Service | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
7 | News Clipping Scanning Service | - | - | √ | - | √ | - | 2 |
8 | Photocopying Service | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | √ | 5 |
Total per Library | 7 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 35 | |
Note: the dash indicates no response which means not available.
In the table above it would be understand that online information service and database searching service are provided by all libraries. Kogi top the list of ICT-based Library Services provided by the surveyed libraries followed by FCT-Abuja and others. Abuja and Kogi also admitted providing online reservation service. Similarly, Kogi and Niger admitted providing news clipping scanning service. CD-ROM searching, online searching and photocopying services are provided by almost all libraries except few.
3.6.5.7. Major Challenges to The Use Of Ict In The Libraries.
Table 7: Challenges to the Use of ICT in the Libraries
S/N | Challenges | States: Abuja | Benue |
Kogi |
Nasarawa |
Niger |
Plateau |
Total |
1 | Administrative barriers | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
2 | Psychological Barriers | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | 4 |
3 | Lack of long-term planning | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
4 | Lack of E-Resources Selection Policy | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 5 |
5 | Lack of financial support | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 5 |
6 | Lack of infrastructure | - | √ | - | √ | - | √ | 4 |
7 | Lack of ICT resources | - | √ | - | √ | √ | - | 3 |
8 | Absence of local resources | - | √ | - | √ | √ | - | 3 |
9 | Lack of Networks | - | √ | - | - | √ | - | 2 |
10 | Lack of skilled manpower | - | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | 4 |
11 | Lack of shared initiatives | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | 4 |
12 | Lack of ICT Training Programs | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 5 |
Total per Library | 2 | 12 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 51 | |
Note: the dash indicates no response which means not agreed.
Table seven indicates the prevalence of the challenges of administrative barriers and lack of long-term planning among other challenges as it was agreed by all libraries. These were followed by lack of ICT Training Programs, E-Resources selection policy and financial support to acquisition and management of ICT resources. Almost all libraries disagreed with the challenges of lack of networks except those in Niger and Benue states. Looking at the total number of challenges indicated by the libraries, Benue top the list followed by Nassarawa and Niger. The least is FCT-Abuja which indicated only two challenges namely; administrative barriers and lack of long-term planning.
3.6.5.8. Strategies For Improving The Use Of Ict In The Libraries.
Table 8: Strategies for Improving the Use of ICT in the Libraries
S/N | Strategies | States: Abuja | Benue |
Kogi |
Nasarawa |
Niger |
Plateau |
Total |
1 | Removal of Administrative barriers | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
2 | Sensitization on importance of ICT | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
3 | Provision of long-term plans on ICT | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
4 | Provision of E-Resources Selection Policy | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | 4 |
5 | Provision of adequate fund | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
6 | Provision of adequate infrastructure | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | 5 |
7 | Provision of adequate ICT resources | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | 4 |
8 | Provision of local resources | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
9 | Provision of Networks | - | √ | - | - | √ | √ | 3 |
10 | Provision of skilled manpower | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
11 | Encouraging shared initiatives | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
12 | Provision of ICT Training Programs | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 |
Total per Library | 9 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 64 | |
Note: the dash indicates no response which means not priority.
Table eight above indicates acceptance of almost all outlined strategies for improving the use of ICT in the libraries except item seven (Provision of adequate ICT resources) and nine (provision of networks) that the responses average, which signify that those items are available in the area. So, they are not main concern to them.
3.6.5.9. Overall Proportion of ICT Utilization In The Surveyed Libraries
Table 9: ICT Utilization proportion of Surveyed Libraries in Percentage (%)
S/N | STATES | ITEMS | TOTAL | (%) | |||||
S/no. | Libraries Per States | ICT Resources Used | No. of Records in Database | Library Software Used | Internet Access Points | Computer & Related Tech Activities | ICT-based Library Services | Total Per items | Perce ntages /items |
1 | Abuja | 639 | 126 | 3 | 127 | 7 | 7 | 909 | 28 |
2 | Kogi | 404 | 109 | 2 | 132 | 7 | 8 | 662 | 20 |
3 | Benue | 331 | 97 | 1 | 95 | 3 | 4 | 531 | 16 |
4 | Nasarawa | 294 | 57 | 1 | 93 | 5 | 6 | 456 | 14 |
5 | Plateau | 276 | 09 | 2 | 99 | 5 | 6 | 397 | 12 |
6 | Niger | 213 | 12 | 1 | 76 | 4 | 4 | 310 | 10 |
Total per library | 2157 | 410 | 10 | 622 | 31 | 35 | 3265 | 100 | |
Table nine above brought together overall ICT utilization in the surveyed libraries. FCT-Abuja tops the list with 31%, followed by Kogi (19%) and Benue (15%). Nasarawa and Plateau at par (12%) while Niger the least with 11%.
3.6.6 Discussion of Findings
ICT Utilization in Nigeria Libraries, an empirical study of libraries of Colleges of Education was conducted in North-Central states of Nigeria and the results are discussed below:
Respect to the types of ICT equipment use in the libraries, the result shows that libraries of Colleges of Education in Nigeria use various types of ICT equipment to ensure efficiency of the library activities. The library of federal capital-Abuja has higher number of ICT resources than others which signifies that it uses more number of ICT resources than others. The library in Niger state has the lowest number of ICT resources followed by Plateau and Nasarawa states which signifies that the libraries in these states use less numbers of ICT resources compared to other libraries. The study also point out that for creating and maintaining a database, FCT-Abuja library use three different types of software including GLAS, while others use two or one. Most libraries use CDS/ISIS software. Plateau has a locally developed Library Management Software use for bibliographic analysis and classing.
With respect to number of records in database, all libraries have less number of records in database compared to the total library collection because none of the libraries ratio reaches one. FCT-Abuja libraries have the highest followed by Kogi and Benue states while Niger and Plateau the least. |Factors attributed to this ware lack of infrastructure and financial backing.
Regarding availability of internet infrastructure, most of the libraries are connected to net but the number of access points is far below the demand of the users because the numbers of computers used to access data in almost all libraries are not up to the average number of users per day. Since the internet is so important in libraries, there has to be a larger number of computers available there to meet user requirements. It may resemble a virtual library where users can access all of the world's knowledge sources. The barrier of distance in communication has been overcome. It has had a significant impact on librarianship practice.
Abuja and Kogi top the list of the activities performed by computer and related technologies followed by Nasarawa and plateau states. This situation may be attributed to high level of awareness of information technology in these areas. Benue is the least and may be attributed to low level of awareness of information technology. Moreover, most libraries use computers for data processing and bibliographic analysis and for creating an in-house database. Kogi top the list of ICT-based Library Services provided by the libraries followed by FCT-Abuja and others. Online information service and database searching service are top ICT services provided by all libraries. Abuja and Kogi admitted providing online reservation service. Similarly, Kogi and Niger admitted providing news clipping scanning service. CD-ROM searching, online searching and photocopying services are provided by almost all libraries except few. The Federal Colleges of Education were early adopters of utilizing computers to create bibliographic databases. The Graphical Library Automation System (GLAS) library software has been installed at the FCT-Abuja library, which is also furnished with a network server, several PCs, and a Local Area Network (LAN) that connects the various library departments. However, most libraries only utilize computers as standalone devices for word processing and maintaining bibliographic databases. There isn't a single completely automated library. The automation and networking processes are only getting started in certain libraries. Although some libraries have CD-ROM access, there has been little effort made to generate information goods on CDs. Some libraries offer limited external resource sharing via online connections and connections to the Internet.
The challenges admitted facing ICT utilization in the libraries are enormous. The prevalence of administrative barriers and lack of long-term planning among other challenges were noted. Most libraries lack planning and acquisition policy for ICT. Lack of ICT training programs and financial support to acquisition and maintenance of ICT resources are factors militating use of ICT in these libraries. Almost all libraries disagreed with the challenges of lack of networks except Niger and Benue states. This goes to show the availability of network in the libraries but allowing users wider access to it is the case. In these libraries users are confined to the domain of the library to access data. In all, looking at the total number of ICT challenges indicated by the libraries, Benue top the list followed by Nasarawa and Niger. The least is FCT-Abuja which indicated only two challenges namely; administrative barriers and lack of long-term planning. This may be priority it receives than others because of it being in capital city, and this is in line with the assertion of Adamu that in Nigeria, city libraries receive more attention in terms of ICT than libraries elsewhere [9]. Information revolution is a thing in major cities in Africa as a whole left alone rural area that constitute majority of African population and landmass, and that is what Rodriguez and Wilson seem as poor countries losing the information revolution [10].
3.6.7 Conclusion
The use of ICT in libraries and information centers is expanding globally. The libraries of Nigerian colleges of education require this technology now more than ever. The need for ICT in Nigerian colleges of education is expanding for a variety of reasons, including a rise in users and a higher demand for library items, particularly new electronic forms and sources. Although several of these universities' libraries have achieved considerable advancements in this area, there is still more to be done to meet the need of an increasing user base. To address the evolving needs of their users, librarians, library supporters, and administration of these institutions must work together to create ICT-based libraries.
3.6.8 Recommendations
For effective utilization of ICT in the studied area the following recommendations are made:
§ Long-term planning should be provided, and superfluous obstacles should be removed to make it easier to purchase, maintain, and use ICT in libraries.
§ Provision of sufficient funds for the installation and upkeep of ICT facilities in libraries
§ Provision of a thorough collection development policy for online resources
§ More qualified and experienced staff should be made available in libraries.
§ Allow users access to the internet.
§ Parental groups and the government should support libraries.
Regular holding of seminars and workshops to train library staff in computer applications More significantly, the libraries of the Nigeria College of Education should create a consolidated database that contains all of the country's papers and information sources and is connected to other worldwide networks. This will facilitate access to information and support scientific research.
3.7 Chapter Summary
What is covered in this chapter are:
§ The concept of Retrospective Conversion
§ Procedures involve in Retrospective Conversion of bibliographic records (metadata)
§ Procedures involve in Retrospective Conversion of book materials
§ Equipment used for Retrospective Conversion of book materials
§ Efforts made on Retrospective Conversion in Nigeria
§ The concept of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
§ The merits of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
§ The structural parts of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
§ Distincts between RDA and AACR2 Vocabularries
§ Differences between RDA and AAR2
§ Procedures in the mplementation of RDA
§ Some of the RDA Training Sources
§ The system of Online Cataloguing
§ Functions and values of online cataloguing & catalogues
§ Online Cataloguing Procedures using WorldCat Services
§ Online Cataloguing Procedures using Google
§ The system of Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
§ Procedures in Searching Online Public Access Catalogue
§ An account of ICT Utilization in Preserving and Accessing Information in libraries in Nigeria
§ Types of ICT resources used in libraries in Nigeria
§ Number of Records in Database in libraries in Nigeria
§ Library Software used in libraries in Nigeria
§ Internet Access Technologies in libraries in Nigeria
§ ICT-Based Library Activities performed in libraries in Nigeria
§ ICT-Based Library Services offer in libraries in Nigeria
§ Major challenges to the use of ICT in libraries in Nigeria
§ Strategies for improving the use of ICT in libraries in Nigeria
3.8. Evaluation
§ Describe the concept of Retrospective Conversion
§ Itemise procedures involve in Retrospective Conversion of bibliographic records (metadata)
§ Itemise procedures involve in Retrospective Conversion of book materials
§ List equipment used for Retrospective Conversion of book materials
§ Give account of efforts made on Retrospective Conversion in Nigeria
§ Explain the concept of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
§ Mention the merits of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
§ List structural parts of Resources Description & Access (RDA)
§ Distinguish between RDA and AACR2 Vocabularries
§ Identify major differences between RDA and AAR2
§ Itemise procedures in the mplementation of RDA
§ Identify some of the RDA Training Sources
§ Describe the system of Online Cataloguing
§ State functions and values of online cataloguing & catalogues
§ Outiline Online Cataloguing Procedures using WorldCat Services
§ Enumerate Online Cataloguing Procedures using Google
§ Describe the system of Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
§ List Procedures in Searching Online Public Access Catalogue
§ Give account of ICT Utilization in Preserving and Accessing Information in libraries in Nigeria
§ Itemise Types of ICT resources used in libraries in Nigeria
§ Enumerate Number of Records in Database in libraries in Nigeria
§ List Library Software used in libraries in Nigeria
§ Identify Internet Access Technologies in libraries in Nigeria
§ Mention ICT-Based Library Activities performed in libraries in Nigeria
§ State ICT-Based Library Services offer in libraries in Nigeria
§ Identify Major challenges to the use of ICT in libraries in Nigeria
§ State Strategies for improving the use of ICT in libraries in Nigeria
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