Chapter Four
Current Trends and Issues of Automation in Library and Information Resources Dissemination Exercice
[Circulation - Output]
4.1 Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter readers should be able to:
1. Describe the concept of Library Networking
2. List types of Networks
3. Identify the structure of Internet/Web
4. Give account of online storage and virtual state of accessing information
5. Describe Database Management Systems (DBMS)
6. State types of database systems
7. Enumerate values of database systems
8. Narrate brief history of database systems
9. Express functions of a DBMS
10. Discuss the idea of virtuality in database sharing
11. Outline influences of database system on library management
12. Identify digital resources values & applications
13. Relate digitization developments in Nigeria Libraries
14. Identify new Innovative Delivery Strategies to Digitalized Knowledge
15. Mention social-media tools use in enhancing information delivery and overall library and information management
16. Describe the concept of Web 2.0 / Library 2.0
17. Identify essential elements of Library 2.0 suitable to present day libraries
18. Explain the meaning of 4IR
19. Relate 4IR Technologies with the Libraries
20. State 4IR Potentialities and applicability in the libraries
21. Enumerate Challenges of the 4IR application in the libraries
22. Write Prospects of the application of 4IR technologies in the libraries
23. Explain the Concept of QR codes
24. List the Features of QR Codes
25. Enumerate the merits of QR Codes
26. State the Functions of QR Codes
27. Elucidate steps in using QR Codes
28. List steps in generating a code
29. Explain how to acquire QR Code Readers
30. State the virtues and values of the application of QR code in libraries
31. Itemise the technologies of QR Code in Libraries
32. Explain the need for Quick Response (QR) codes application in Nigeria libraries
33. Describe the Bing-Chatbot
34. Narrate how to use Bing-Chatbot
35. State how to use Bing-Chatbot for Literature Review
36. Draft importance of application of Bing-Chatbot to libraries services
37. Explain Blended learning Concept
38. List the Impacts of Blended Learning
39. Review the use of Blended Learning in academic society
40. Relate key issues in Digital Library Services and Blended Learning Support provision in some tertiary institutions in Nigeria.
4.2 Chapter Introduction
In this chapter readers are introduced to:
§ Library Networkings
§ Network Types
§ The Internet/Web
§ Online Storage & Virtual World
§ Database Management Systems (DBMS)
§ Types & values of database systems
§ Brief history of database systems
§ Functions of a DBMS
§ Virtual world: Database sharing
§ The influence of database system on library management
§ Digitalized Knowledge Management and Delivery: The New Innovative Delivery Strategies in Tune with 21st Century Requirements
§ Digital Resources values & applications
§ Digitization in libraries
§ Digitization Developments in Nigeria Libraries
§ New Innovative Delivery Strategies to Digitalized Knowledge
§ Other new technologies applicable in management and delivering digitalized knowledge in libraries
§ Enhancing Library and Information Management through the Use of Social-Media
§ Social-Media
§ Web 2.0 / Library 2.0
§ Essential elements of Library 2.0 suitable to present day libraries
§ Social media tools
§ Use of social Media tools for Enhancing Information dissemination
§ The concept of 4IR
§ Relations of 4IR Technologies with the Libraries
§ The 4IR Potentialities applicable in the Libraries
§ The Challenges of the 4IR application in the Libraries
§ The Prospects of the application of 4IR technologies in the Libraries
§ The Concept of QR codes
§ The Features of QR Codes
§ The Merits of QR Codes
§ The Functions of QR Codes
§ How to operate QR Codes
§ How to generate a code
§ How to acquire QR Code Readers
§ The virtues and values of the application of QR code in libraries
§ The technologies of QR Code in Libraries
§ The need for Quick Response (QR) codes application in Nigeria libraries
§ The concept of Bing-Chatbot
§ How to use Bing-Chatbot
§ How to use Bing-Chatbot for Literature Review
§ Importance of application of Bing-Chatbot to libraries services
§ The Concept of Blended learning
§ The Impacts of Blended Learning
§ The uses of Blended Learning in academic society
§ Key issues in Digital Library Services and Blended Learning Support provision in some tertiary institutions in Nigeria.
4.3 Library Networking
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HighLights:
« The concept of Networking
« Types of Networks
« The Internet and Web (WWW)
« The Objectives of Library Networking
« The Development of Library Networking: An overview
« Impediments in Developing and Sustaining Library Networks
« Possible Solutions to the Challenges (Impediments)
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A library network is a connection of group of libraries coming together with the intent of collobration and resources sharing to help satisfying the information needs of their clientele. Rapid development of information and communication technology and wide utilisation brought about information explosion. Consequently, the need to effectively handle exploded information at cost efficiency of infrastructure were some of the motives behind the formation of library Networks. What later follows these, were the development of relationship and professionalism.
The magnanimity of library network on information dissemination can not be quantified. Better method of data/informaton transmission in form of audio, visual, and both forms through the connection of wired and wireless networks are now possible thanks to the application of ICT in information processing and the architecture of Networks. Accordingly, the wireless network has enabled and supported a significant free-flow of information from many sources. There are several types of wireless networks based on the coverage area and distance.
4.3.1 Network Types
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HighLights:
« Personal Area Network (PAN)
« Local Area Network (LAN)
« Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
« Wide Area Network (WAN)
« International Network (INTERNET)
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Depending on the physical distance between computer systems and devices on network, networks can be classified as:
1. Personal Area Network (PAN): The wireless network that supports the interconnection of computer systems and devices within a range of 33 feet or so, This class of network permit the connection of a laptop, digital camera, and portable printer without having to hardwire anything. A typical example of this is Bluetooth.
2. Local Area Network (LAN): The wired network that connect systems and devices within the same geographical area. This class of network permit the connection of resources and activities of two or more departments/units of a library.
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): The network that connects systems and devices in a geographical area (roughly 30 miles) larger than the area covered by a LAN but smaller than the area covered by a WAN. This class of network is limited within a city or campus. It permits the connection of two or more libraries especially branch libraries.
4. Wide Area Network (WAN): The network that connect together computer systems and devices within large geographical areas or regions. This class of network is provided by various carriers and service providers for free or service to be paid for.
5. International Network (INTERNET): The network that connect together computer systems and devices between countries for electronic flow of data across international boundaries. This class of network permits sharing of library and other organisational resources across the world.
4.3.2 The Internet and Web (WWW)
The largest computer network in the world is the Internet. Libraries, colleges, and research businesses have been using the internet for a long time. When using the Internet's power, people and businesses may access a broad range of services. Among these is the WWW. The World Wide Web was intended to be a global online document management system. It arranges global Internet resources into a set of menu pages that show up on your machines. Today, many organizations offer websites (web logs or blogs) where they may plug in activities and resources intended for global access. It is currently the most popular media for use by individuals and organizations to publish and distribute information. Many academics and researchers use the internet to get the most recent information on the subject that interests them.
Finding information online is similar to perusing a library, where the card catalogue is the most common entry point. It would be quite challenging to discover information in the library without the card catalogue. When accessing the internet, search engines—also known as online search tools—replace the card catalog. The majority of search engines, including Yahoo! and Google, are available for free usage. By charging marketers to place banner ads on their search engines, they generate revenue. Even the greatest search engine does not crawl all Internet pages since the web is a massive area and it continues to grow with each passing day. Your search might not be successful even if you locate a site that suits you. Therefore, to increase the number of potentially interesting Online sites, you might wish to use more than one search engine while conducting a web search. Some search engines additionally include a subject dictionary that enables users to learn more about various organizations and sectors. Online services are a set of standards and technologies that streamline and make it easier for websites to communicate with one another. They promise to revolutionize how we create and utilize the web for both professional and personal purposes. Web services are widely used by organizations and libraries to connect services on the Internet. Libraries today share resources and collaborate through library networks.
4.3.3 The Objectives of Library Networking
The main aim of library Networking is for collaboration of activities and resources sharing. In line with this, other objectives scribe by the libraries which which include but not limited to the below:
1. To facilities library operation in resources sharing by way of promoting accuracy and minimising time and cost spent on repetitive operations.
2. To establish pathways for easy exchange of information and documents that relegate distance covered in manual way of doing this.
3. To support and promote adoption of unified standard in operations of the library across the world.
4. to improve service efficiency by redefining and fine-tuning the existing services and generating new ones in satisfying users’ information needs.
5. to improve the efficiency of in-house resources preservation and linkage.
6. to create databases of library for online information services.
4.3.4 The Development of Library Networking: An overview
The development of library Networking facilitates library cooperation and resources sharing by several libraries across the globe. According to Tiwari (2014), The Networking efforts in various countries got a boost with the tremendous and fast developments in computer and communication technologies that led to the implementation of successful operation of national and international computer-communication networks. That these networks were commonly used for business and commercial applications, but the libraries were quick to start effort to make use of these networks for linking libraries for resources sharing among them.
The narrative of library networks in developed countries like America, Britain, Chains and many other advanced countries is worthy of hearing. The Washington Library Network and the Research Library Information Network both in America, and the British Library Automated Information Service in Great Britain are few examples of library networks with track record. The success stories of the universal library networks like the Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC) and similitude Online Library of Congress Catalogue are motivational narratives that keep many libraries connected. With the expansion of automation and acceptance of MARC format by more number of libraries, retrospective conversion of existing manual records becomes greater, and this was the button line for library Networking (cooperations and integration of computerised library systems and services worldwide through the Internet). Today, many individual libraries upload their catalogue records done off-line or manually on internet and cooperate in online cataloguing to jointly produce union catalogues, the likes of WorldCat. WorldCat is a union catalogue of libraries of participatory member country.
In Nigeria, many libraries are at infancy level of Networking. Various regulatory bodies of educational instructions have supported networking in their institutions and majority of them are preparing ground for unifying library services across institutions. Nigeria University Commission (NUC) and Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) are notable bodies that have taken and still taking giant stride in actualising the dream of library Networking and knowledge sharing in Nigeria. TETFund in particular, is currently supporting creation of databases of tertiary institution libraries' holdings in Nigeria. Efforts now concentrated on conversion linkage of research reports (projects) of graduated students in Nigeria institutions. Eventual completion of this exercise would quite change negative narrative of the use of these resources. It would facilities resources sharing and utilisation, and promotes collaboration among the libraries. Moreover, it would check enormous duplication of research reports (check plagiarism and piracy), increase access base for users and overall improvement in service delivery.
4.3.5 Impediments in Developing and Sustaining Library Networks
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HighLights:
« Nonchalant attitudes of some libraries/ library staff
« Irregular/Insufficient Funding of Libraries
« Inadequate Facilities for Networking Exercise
« Non effective &efficient software peculiar to library procedures &work in WAN
« Inadequate expertise in database development and network management
« Nonexistence of Rules and Procedures for Library Networking
« Difficulty in Standards Enforcement in data conversion
« Reluctance in Change of Input format and procedures if required to join a network
« Non Compensating incentives for the use of collections of large libraries
« Power Failure & Fluctuation
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To develop library networks is quite challenging and likewise sustenance. The narrative in developing countries like India is what is obtainable in Nigeria. Moreover, there are additional challenges specific to Nigeria. The following are some of the impediments to the development and sustenance of library networks in Nigeria:
1. Nonchalant attitudes of some of the libraries/ library staff: This is a number one impediment to the development of library network particularly in Nigeria. Up to now, some libraries and their staff in Nigeria have refused to stand up for the development of network in their libraries. They have no tangible plans for this. In Nigeria, some institutional libraries are by way compelled to put in place facilities for e-services just to get through accreditation exercise and after this, nothing serious done again even for subscription of data to keep running online services until next accreditation they embark on fire-brigade approach to bring back online services. Although some of the libraries have good track of record. Seriousness in the part of libraries and library staff is what would convince funding bodies to pay attention to the development and sustenance of library network. The staffs of the libraries are to persuade all stakeholders in library business and to support the development and sustainability of library network in their area.
2. Nonchalant attitudes of some of the libraries/library staff: Irregular /Insufficient Funding of Libraries: This factor is reported by many recent researches carried out in Nigeria as among challenges to the provision of e-services in Nigeria libraries. The overall allocation to library services is skeptical and irregular (raises and falls) in most libraries. The government and funding institutions should do the needful in providing regular and sufficient financial support for database creation in libraries and library networks.
3. Inadequate Facilities for Networking Exercise: Many libraries are faced with the challenge of enough facilities (hard & software) for participating in networking exercise. The meager resources at their disposal do not catar for acquisition of IT facilities and other needs for joining the network.
4. Non effective & efficient software peculiar to library procedures & work in WAN connectivity: Libraries do not have software peculiar to their needs and procedures and that can perform well in a Wide-Area-Network environment. Some of the libraries use CDS/ISIS but prefer to use other software which works more efficiently with large collections and users, and for both types of functions.
5. Inadequate expertise in database development and network management: Libraries generally do not have enough staff with adequate knowledge in database development and in the use of network hardware and software.
6. Nonexistence of Rules and Procedures for Library Networking: Non existence of rules and procedures in tune with standards for database development and network operation is a bottleneck in the running of library network. In the running of library network, the participating libraries should first draft detailed rules and procedures that are in tune with the existing standards for database development as well as network operation and ensure their implementation by participating libraries.
7. Difficulty in Standards Enforcement in data conversion: Difficulty in standards enforcement in data conversion for creating databases of library holdings is a case particularly when different libraries do the job separately. Where input format and procedures alike, variation occur in practices such as depth of indexing and generation of keywords. This can only be checked with unified system of job execution by the participating libraries.
8. Reluctance in Change of Input format and procedures if it is required to join a network: In the light of the above i.e. variations in data conversion, input format and procedures, libraries that have already created databases of their holdings fully or partially with their peculiar input format and procedures find it difficult to change them if it is required to join a network due to the cost spent and efforts made in executing the task and another cost and efforts required to change them.
9. Non Compensating incentives for the use of collections of large libraries: In a network, it is a fact that collections of large libraries are occasionally overused, thus, libraries with large collections feel reluctant in participating in networking unless there are compensating incentives to be offered them.
10. Power Failure & Fluctuation: This is peculiar to certain part of Nigeria and similar part of the world facing problem of electric supply but not developed states. Entropy of current (electric) that increase and decrease over a given amount of time and outright failure over short or long period of time still persist in some part of Nigeria, and this is a big challenge to the running of e-libraries and network. Although some libraries have made effort in making available alternative source but they sometimes do not incurs the cost of maintenance, as such, also fails in most cases. The only way to keep on network and make services available constantly, is to establish a stable way of power supply.
4.3.6 Possible Solutions to the Challenges (Impediments)
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HighLights:
« Libraries raise to their expectations in pioneering establishment of library networks
« Regular & sufficient Monetary Allocation
« Adequate Provision of Facilities for Networking Exercise
« Provision of Effective & efficient software peculiar to library procedures & that works in WAN connectivity
« Coaching of the existing staff & employement of experts in database development and network management
« Establishment of Rules and Procedures for Library Networking
« Endurance in Standards Enforcement in data conversion
« Willingness to Change Input format and procedures if it is required to join a network
« Compensations for the use of collections of large libraries
« Source of Stable Power Supply
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The development and sustenance of library network is easy and interesting if stakeholders are determined to do so. Solution to the problems identified requires serious attention of stakeholders and all hands must be on deck. Moreover, the following possible solutions are suggested inline with impediments earlier itemised and they are:
1. The staffs of the libraries most rise to their expectations. They are the frontiers in library activities and number one to set plans for the development of library network in their libraries. To date, some libraries and librarians in Nigeria have refused to stand up for the development of network in their libraries. They have no tangible plans for this. Some institutional libraries are by circumstances ccompelled to put in place facilities for e-services just to get through accreditation exercise and after this, nothing serious done again even for subscription of data to run online services until next accreditation comes again (and by the way, fast approaching) they embark on fire-brigade approach to put in place services just to get through another accreditation. Although some of the libraries have good track of record. Seriousness in the part of library staff, librarians in particular, and their doggedness to the actualisation of the networking task is what would convince funding bodies to pay attention to the development and sustenance of library network. Library staffs are to seek possible means of convincing the stakeholders in library business and persuad those to support the development and sustenance of library network in their area.
2. Monetary Allocation of the libraries must be regular & sufficient. The overall allocation of the library shouldn't be skeptical and irregular; raising and falling. The government and funding institutions should do the needful in providing regular and sufficient financial support for database creation in libraries and for library networking.
3. Provision of adequate Facilities for Networking Exercise: Enough facilities (hard & software) for participating in networking exercise should be put in place in libraries. Adequate resources be granted to the libraries and at their disposal so as to catar for acquisition of IT facilities and other needs for joining the network.
4. Provision of Effective & efficient software peculiar to library procedures & that works in WAN connectivity: Libraries should possess software peculiar to their needs and procedures and that can perform well in a Wide-Area-Network environment, software that works more efficiently with large collections and users, and for both types of functions.
5. Coaching of the existing staff or/and employement of experts in database development and network management: Libraries generally should have enough staff with adequate knowledge in database development and in the use of network hardware and software; this is a prerequisite in the task of library networking.
6. Establishment of Rules and Procedures for Library Networking: Non existence of rules and procedures in tune with standards for database development and network operation is a bottleneck in the running of library network. In the running of library network, the participating libraries should first draft detailed rules and procedures that are in tune with the existing standards for database development as well as network operation and ensure their implementation by participating libraries.
7. Endurance in Standards Enforcement in data conversion: Difficulty face in standards enforcement in data conversion for creating databases of library holdings should be endure especially when different libraries do the job separately. Input format and procedures as well as in-practices such as depth of indexing and generation of keywords must be the same, and can only be checked by unified system of job execution by the participating libraries.
8. Willingness to Change Input format and procedures if it is required to join a network: In the light of variations in data conversion, input format and procedures, libraries that have already created databases of their holdings fully or partially with their peculiar input format and procedures should be willing to change them if it is required to join a network and ignore the cost spent and efforts made in executing the task, and incurred another cost and efforts require to change them.
9. Compensations for the use of collections of large libraries: Provision of compensating incentives for the use of collections of large libraries could motivate libraries with large collections to participate in library networking.
10. Source of Stable Power Supply: Entropy of electric current and power failure should be avoided in libraries as this poses threats to the running of e-libraries and network. Although some libraries have made effort in making available alternative source but they sometimes do not incur the cost of maintenance, as such, it also fails in most cases. The only way to keep on network and make services available constantly, is to establish a stable source of power supply. Many reliable sources abound and could be deployed. One of these is 'renewable energy' which is cheaper, safer, and more reliable than other sources. Libraries should look forward in adopting renewable energy as major source of power supply to the libraries because it is user-friendly. Renewable energy unlike generators, generate no sound, vibration and smoke that disturb users of libraries.
4.4 Online Storage and Virtual World
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HighLights:
« Database Management Systems (DBMS)
« A brief history of database systems
« Functions of a DBMS
« Database sharing: A Virtual world
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4.4.1 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
Synonymous with automated libraries reservoirs is database management system which permits resources sharing similar to what happens in the libraries. Database Management Systems (DBMS) is gaining acceptability in many organisations as better means of storing data/information. In the earliest days of computer technology, data were stored on devices such as punch cards, slides, tapes, that could only be accessed by a particular person at a time on a fixed location. But with the development of DBMS early sixties, data communication capabilities to large number of seekers were achieved. A database management system is a group of tools that let users define a database's structure, add, query, and alter data in the database, as well as manage who has access to it (Ward and Dafoulas, 2006). In a nutshell, it is computer software created to manage the organization, security, integrity, storage, retrieval, and reporting of data in a database, which is a sizable searchable file. With the help of database management system software, a database is manipulated.
A database is a sizable volume of digital information about a single subject or field that is correctly organized, updated often, and searched and retrieved quickly. Databank and database are occasionally used interchangeably. However, the latter phrase is more explicitly used to refer to a set of nonbibliographic data, often quantitative and personal information. Databases may be accessed and viewed online and can take the shape of numbers, text, letters, or images. It is a repository of information that includes bibliographic records, abstracts, full-text articles, directory entries, photos, statistics, etc. It often refers to a particular body of knowledge set organized to make it easier to access, update, process, and transmit. Data Document Initiative (DDI), available at www.icpsr.umich.edu/ddi, is an example of a database. The goal of this project is to standardize the XML markup and representation of codebooks, the main metadata used to describe social science data sets. Simple systems made for personal computers and extremely complicated systems made for mainframes are both included in the range of DBMS software that is now available. Database management systems (DBMS) employ application software to access, modify, and edit data. It has the ability to receive and reply to requests from end users. Most corporate organizations, including banks, businesses, and NGOs, maintain databases to store and alter their records and communicate with potential customers. So, a variety of databases may be used to access information or expertise about a certain group or topic area. Today, technology has made it easier to conduct research and get the data to the end customers. When it comes to consistency, efficiency, security, adaptability, dependability, and accessibility to data, a database system has an advantage over alternative methods of data storage. It can prohibit unauthorized individuals from accessing or altering the database, and it provides benefits comparable to those listed for library automation.
4.4.2 A Brief History of Database Systems
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HighLights:
« Concept of database systems started in the early 1960s
« By the 1970s the study of database systems acquired a huge interest, thus relational model suggested in 1970
« The first relational commercial solution Oracle DBMS debuted on the market in 1980
« Inplace of of Oracle DBMS, object-oriented databases gain popularity in the 1990s.
« The first databases that could be accessed over the World Wide Web started in the middle of the 1990s
« Up to this day, databases supporting websites continue to develop quickly
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With the introduction of an IBM product in the early 1960s, the concept of database systems started to take shape. With this system, users had the option of seeing digitized data hierarchically. Database systems based on a distinct data module were introduced in the late 1960s thanks to advancement. This time the user view of the data was a network of data records, an ability of accessing data concurrently by various users. By the 1970s the study of database systems acquired a huge interest of academics and researchers. As a result, Ted Codd originally suggested the relational model in 1970. It was based on the mathematical ideas of set theory and predicate logic. The Oracle DBMS, which debuted on the market in 1980, was the first relational commercial solution. This has been successfully utilized to handle transactions and support the majority of the widely used database systems today. It is a useful model due to its capacity for handling data well, safeguarding data from programming mistakes, and, most importantly, its potent query language. Although relational databases are commonly used, they do have a few flaws that caused object-oriented databases to gain popularity in the 1990s. In the middle of the 1990s, the first databases that could be accessed over the World Wide Web started to develop because these databases were effective with applications that required increasingly complicated data structures. Due to its tremendous capabilities, this notion gained traction by the late 1990s, and up to this day, databases supporting websites continue to develop quickly.
4.4.3 Functions of a DBMS
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HighLights:
« Data definition & communication
« Data manipulation
« Concurrency management
« Buffer management
« Query processing and optimisation
« Data Recovery
« Security Management that controls access to base
« Data dictionary mechanism for storing meta-data about data held
« Integrity constrictions and authorisation
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Because of certain procedures built into it, a typical DBMS may perform a variety of tasks. Among them, but not exclusively, are some of the following:
1. A data definition language (DDL) that enables users to define databases and communicate with system administrators.
2. A data manipulation language (DML) that enables database users to add, amend, remove, and query data
3. A concurrency management system that permits secure concurrent execution of several transactions, allowing for shared database access. Multiprogramming, a method that enables the computer to run numerous programs simultaneously, makes this feasible.
4. A buffer management system for moving data back and forth between primary memory and secondary storage.
5. A Query processing and optimisation mechanism which transforms SQL queries into a low-level language that the database administrators have optimized. This system chooses the best method for executing a query in any DBMS.
6. A Data Recovery Tool that guarantees the consistency of the DBMS in the event of a database failure. The primary method employed here is database backup, in which the whole database as well as the log are routinely transferred onto a storage media, such magnetic tapes, which can be reloaded to the disk and the system restarted.
7. A Security Management Technique that limits access to the database by preventing unauthorized users from using it. When a database is changed, a data integrity facility ensures its integrity (i.e., accuracy and consistency).
8. A Data dictionary mechanism which is a repository for storing meta-data about data held. This usually includes details of the data items held. Also, structure, integrity constrictions and authorisation privileges attached to them.
4.4.4 Database sharing: A Virtual world
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HighLights:
« Database shared around an organization or the whole world via networks
« Possibility for geographically dispersed work groups to communicate and share documents
« Networking has been fora for database creation, preservation, manipulation, and dissemination
« More libraries are connecting their computers in networks to expedite operations, enable staff collaboration on library projects, and transmit and receive information
« A library may become a flexible, strong, and innovative organization with the creation of database and use of networks to share information
« Arround the world, wherever one is, databases of different libraries are tapped without been in different locations of the libraries
« Life of virtual presence in actualising needs; life of virtuality and Virtual World.
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Databases may be shared around an organization or the whole world via networks. A computer network has made it possible for geographically dispersed work groups to communicate and share documents, promoting collaboration, creative thinking, and new business approaches. A computer network consists of the hardware, software, and communications medium required linking two or more computer systems or devices. They can exchange data, information, and tasks once they are connected. This is the fora of database creation, preservation, manipulation, and dissemination. In order to increase organizational effectiveness and efficiency, more libraries are connecting their computers in networks to expedite operations, enable staff collaboration on library projects, and transmit and receive information. A library may become a flexible, strong, and innovative organization with the creation of database and use of networks to share information, giving it a sustained competitive edge. Arround the world, wherever one is, databases of different libraries are tapped without been in different locations of the libraries. And this is the change brought by networking that have affected nearly all human endeavors not information seeking alone. Life of virtual presence in actualising needs without necessarily been where needs are but drawn them to meet you where you are; life of virtuality and Virtual World.
4.4.5 The influence of database system on library management
The institutionalization of database system has facilitated the process of acquiring library materials. Librarians now are able to scout for materials from the net and even requested some for free or for a token through e-transactions. Recall that the requirement to swiftly and reliably retrieve vast volumes of data from databases drove the creation of database management systems. For example, a university library usually has large number of collection and provides details about this in a library catalogue which formerly was only accessed manually. Eventually, DBMS are applied to this process (cataloguing) which has now facilitated the process and accessing of the details provided through online. More importantly, the database catalogues or OPAC can be accessed by many users simultaneously in different locations. The majority of databases used by libraries are full-text reference materials, periodicals, indexes, abstracting services, and catalogues that are rented on a yearly basis under license agreements that only allow authorized users and library personnel access. This enhancement has given library users the chance to modify queries and access their demands. Excellent DBMS features that allow for speedy answers to user queries include data dictionaries, query processing and optimization, and data definition and manipulation languages.
Another important aspect of the library is charging and discharging of library materials. Libraries store details of books held and those taken out on loans by patrons. Before now, details about books held and loaned out might have been stored in a box card index. But nowadays, DBMS are applied to this, making such details available online. Thus, from database, patrons are able to check to see if a book is available and can also request for it. They are also able to view their loans online and see if any books are overdue. Similarly, the library staff can easily and quickly access statistics of books loaned out to see those books overdue so as to send message to the borrowers and to retrieve them back immediately. Through this system, they are also able to recognize popular books seek by users and which never leave the shelves; an important information that guides subsequent collections.
Furthermore, with the development of database system and shift of libraries to it, the security of library materials are exhaustively granted. The DBMS have proved this through its magnificent functions of data integrity, recovery, and security control discussed previously.
4.5 Digitalized Knowledge Management and Delivery: The New Innovative Delivery Strategies in Tune with 21st Century Requirements
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HighLights:
« Introduction & the concepts
« Digital Resources: Values and Application in Libraries
« Developments in Digitization & Situation in Nigeria Libraries
« New Innovative Strategies to Digitalized Knowledge Management & Delivery in tune with 21st Century Requirements
« Conclusion & Recommendations
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This segment is a shared initiatives of article written by the author of this book to unveiled new innovative delivery strategies to digital knowledge in tune with 21st century requirements that there acquaintance by knowledge managers and application in digital knowledge delivery would Improve professional competence of knowledge managers/librarians particularly working in academic libraries. These includes creative use of social media platforms (yutube, instagram, whatsapp, facebook, linkedIn, twitter, reddit, etc), quantum-computing, edge-computting, 3D-printing tech, 5G-tech, AI-tech, block-chain tech, and drone technologies. Others includes streaming media (podcasting), instant messaging (SMS enquiry), wikies & blogs, vodcasting, author workshops (Institutional repository), Geo tagging, and online chats - the use of web conferencing tools (zoom, go-to-meeting, click-meeting, google-hangout, demio, webinarian etc. Digital resources values and application in libraries and, developments of digitization in Nigeria libraries also highlighted. The prompt allocation of adequate funds to libraries, particularly academic libraries, for the exploitation of new innovations contained therein, training and retraining of librarians for the twenty-first century, and personal efforts by librarians to enhance their skills in order to remain competent and defend their profession in and beyond the twenty-first century were all recommended.
4.5.1 Introduction
This article is as a result of challenge thrown to stakeholders in education on the 27th combined convocation ceremony of the Niger state college of education, Minna by the visitor and the governor of Niger state His Excellency Alh. (DR.) Abubakar Sani Bello, who on his speech says:
“We all know that the 21st Century is the age of innovation and rapid change which call on us particularly as teachers to begin to research into ways of improving the professional competence and fund new innovative delivery strategies in tune with 21st century requirements.”
Teachers and librarians are two related professions with common goal all toward knowledge delivery, and are among major stakeholders in education. If the need to research for ways of improving the professional competence of teachers and to fund new innovative delivery strategies for the profession, likewise the need for librarians to begin to research into ways of improving the professional competence and to fund new innovative delivery strategies. Relatedly, Zakari (2000) earlier precast that 'the application of more advanced IT facilities will certainly create a high degree of information glut and a perpetuation of the information and perhaps literature explosion syndrome in the 21st century. And that, the need for quicker access to the maze of information might force libraries and information centres to compete with private and commercial information providers to make any meaningful impact on the society they are meant to serve. Sagir (2021) in relation to this said libraries of 21st century would depend on digital technology for information service delivery. And that, in the twenty-first century, librarians are no longer merely the keepers of books; they are also information providers in a setting where the use of digital technology to deliver information services results in ongoing change. It's interesting to note that libraries in Nigeria, and academic libraries in particular, are actively searching for and launching new innovative delivery strategies in line with 21st century requirements, which primarily center on digitization and use of cutting-edge technologies, and competing with private and commercial information providers.
Academic libraries are libraries of tertiary institutions; colleges of education, mono/polytechnics, universities, research institutes and the likes. Knowledge digitization and other innovative delivery strategies in tune with 21st century requirement are keys to supporting learning, research and teaching in these institutions of higher learning. Digitization is a new way of managing knowledge. Knowledge management is an exercise that revolves round collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of documented knowledge. A process describes as input, processing and out in other way. According to Enagi (2019) knowlege is what one know and have in his brain memory...but if transfer to external memories other than brain it becomes documented knowledge. This is the type of knowledge kept by libraries and sister agencies. However, the meaning of knowledge has change.
The development and collection of a vast amount of information has resulted from man's pursuit of knowledge. Today's globe prides itself on being a knowledge-based civilization (CHIGOZIE S. UGWUONA, 2021). The information millennium is the twenty-first century. It is also seen as the age of a boom in information sources and output. It is regarded as the start of the knowledge era. As a result, new types of work with new and varied abilities are needed, as well as new patterns of labor and business processes. Workers must be able to discover, evaluate, and represent new information rapidly in the knowledge era. They must be flexible, inventive, and creative as well as have systemic thinking skills. This is what digitization means.
Data conversion to digital format for computer processing is known as digitization (Reitz, 2005). In information systems, it's typically described as the process of converting printed text or graphics (such as drawings) into binary signals so they may be shown on a computer screen. Knowledge digitization simply refers to the use of cutting-edge information technology to document knowledge as opposed to traditional print systems. The search for or use of knowledge or information is one area of human effort where digitization is a driver for innovation and development. Presently, in the library and virtually all information cycles, digitization is a term use in place of automation. While automation is a general term used to describe the use of all forms of machines (computers and non-computers) in accomplishing a task, digitization specifically speaks of the use of latest information technologies (computers and the likes) in perfecting operation. In the business of the library, Saeed (2019) said digitization is the use of latest information technologies (computers and accessories) in perfecting range of operations from information acquisition to processing and dissemination.
The library is a typical information providing system which is positioned to aid the institution located in the actualization of its objectives through the provision of relevant information materials (Abel and Shittu, 2019). Prior to the advent of ICT, information in libraries were packaged in predominantly print form. The present development in computer technology brought about new packaging format – the digital format, which has brought a lot of progress to knowledge management though also with few challenges (Anyanwu and Dudu, 2018). Many libraries, including Nigeria libraries, are now linked up locally and internationally using ICT facilities all geared toward providing timely and cost-effective information and elimination of information explosion and fragmentation.
Nigeria is one of the biggest countries in Africa. Precisely, it is in West-Africa sub-region with a population of over two hundred million people. The utilisation of ICT by this mass population perhaps exposed it to be one of the largest utilization of ICT in the sub-region and Africa as a whole as reported by Ndagi (2019). Similarly, the same report has it that academic libraries in Nigeria are lead deployers of digital resources and cutting-edge technologies in satisfying users’ quests. Against this background this study was conceived with the main purpose of, by way of literature study and review, research into ways of improving professional competence of knowledge managers (librarians) and found new innovative delivery strategies to digital knowledge in tune with 21st century requirements for academic libraries in Nigeria.
4.5.2 Digital Resources: Values and Application in Libraries
The emergency of multi-media, automated information packaging and transmission as well as the Internet has consequently reduced reliance on traditional library methods of information gathering, storage, processing, retrieval and dissemination (Zakari, 2000). Both libraries and information technology firms throughout the world are putting up a struggle for relevance in the digital arena. Particularly libraries continue to roll out digital services and products that are made for the internet community and make it easier to get pertinent information. This is how the area of digital libraries has developed (Saeed, 2019). With regard to time and location convenience, the ability to search directly inside the text as opposed to catalog data, and the capacity to distribute and exchange information internationally, digital resources provide a number of benefits. The greatest benefit of using digital resources, according to Ashaver and Ekere (2013), is the information's quick accessibility. And that, with digital resources, the user is always availing with a variety of formats, including PDFs, word and HTML. Digital resources are clean and free of dust and mildew sometimes associated with books on the shelves of the conventional library formats (Anyanwu and Dudu, 2018). Reading through digital resources will never cause sneezing nor leave an ink stain on the hands of researcher (Ashaver and Ekere, 2013). On advantages of digital resources, Ogwuona (2021) stressed that 'with ICT users are now able to access the libraries without being present in the library wall, and circulation services rendered to users without them being present in the library and could access the best materials online. Also, current awareness services could be provided directly to users e-mails for them to know newly acquired information and materials. Acquisition and documentation of new materials also handled directly with distributors from all over the world. The online process came in and has saved time and cost for the library. Ogwuona add that documentation of library materials is now easier and software are developed to make it so much easier for the librarian and has also improved efficiency and use of time. That, library software are readily available such KOHA, UNISIS, ALICE et cetera, which ease library operations and service delivery.
According to Varshnavi (2017), the web's (digital resources) potent properties, such as its heterogeneous, collaborative, multi-media, and potent protocols and architecture, have given librarians a new dynamic role to play in society and better serve the new information based than ever before. That the internet, which houses online resources, has completely changed how individuals access knowledge and created new opportunities in fields like digital libraries According to Roy (2020), a "digital library" is an online platform where users may access traditional library activities and programs that were previously only accessible when they were physically present at a library. It is the digitalization of tasks including resource gathering, management, preservation, retrieval, serving, transfer, and general resource manipulation in libraries. Digital libraries involve the digitization of all programs and activities carried out by libraries and their users, in contrast to online databases systems, which primarily concentrate on distant information deposits, transfers, and basic online administration of information (Muhammad, 2019).
However, the research by Roy (2020) demonstrated the fast usage of ICT in the last years for the collection, preservation, and distribution of information with particular attention to digitalization in university libraries in South Africa. This trend has caused timely resources to be taken off the shelf and posted online (i.e. online). As a result, technology has allowed users to access numerous services without human interaction and shifted librarians' responsibilities from that of intermediaries to those of facilitators and enablers. It has recently been relocated as an Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), making it possible to access more information quickly and conveniently using one or more search criteria. The library catalogue, which is possibly the most important tool for accessing materials in the library, was previously located in a different location (keywords, author, title, class or standard number).
4.5.3 Developments in Digitization & situation in Nigeria Libraries:
It's astonishing how quickly Nigerian libraries are becoming digital. There is no denying that the Nigerian library sector has developed through time, evolving from the antiquated, manual, over-the-counter information searching method to a more advanced, technologically-driven information distribution system (Saeed, 2019). At the past, a particular demand in the library might not have been satisfied for days or perhaps longer. Except in rare circumstances, waiting in line to browse a particular library item after picking up a borrower's card in the library hall or at the circulation counter is no longer an option. The days of traveling a long distance to use a certain library's resources or just being able to borrow a certain quantity of printed volumes for personal use are now a distant memory. Because customers may now relax comfortably inside a digital library, it has reduced travel time to libraries, saved lives that might have been lost as a result of terrible roads and attacks, and introduced privacy, their domain to use materials of the libraries connected with. From the traditional roles of charging and discharging, some libraries in Nigeria have become a one-stop-shop where information seeking for everything is established from one’s end (domain) without stepping out and irrespective of the time (Muhammad, 2019). This digital achievement has kicked out limitation of time occasioned by conventional libraries’ service hours of 8:00am – 10:00 pm, and total closure durring weekends and public-holidays in Nigeria. In digital libraries services are available 2-4-7, i.e., twenty four hours every seven days of the week.
Nigeria libraries have continued to thrive towards being relevant in a more digital world, especially as more and more libraries opened up library activities to information technology. All most all libraries in Nigeria with specific regards to academic libraries, are taking steps to boost the utilization of internet and digital library system to reach out patrons. Muhammad and Bida (2019) of the view that, the effort of digitization of functions and services in Nigeria libraries is a step at achieving functional dissemination of information, and users inclusion in activities of the libraries. Some libraries in Nigeria have engaged the use of RDA (Resources Description and Access) as a solution to difficulties faced while using manual catalogues for seeking library resources. Haroon (2019) said it is a credit for Nigerian libraries the acceptability and application of RDA, one of the innovations in digital library industry that allow easy and quick access to a particular information resource needed in the library. Credit most also be giving to some of Nigerian libraries for introducing user’s specific password for accessing library resources, thereby removing the borrowers cards that were prone to fraud and displacement. Some academic libraries of universities in Nigeria, particuraly of new generation private universities, have introduced user’s password for accessing e-resources possess by them. These libraries have always been at the vanguard of presenting users with most current and most relevant materials, making them to be on the path of achieving global best practices in digital applications. Some of these libraries have been seen integrating online catalogue and chatbots among other digital channels towards serving their clients. Some of them have also adopted Whatsapp, an instant messaging application with chat reference enabler as a means of online interface with clienteles. This medium has been used to offer reference services that allow clients to make enquiry or established their needs within short period of time without leaving the messaging app. The findings of the study of Nkeiru Emezie () described how Federal University of Technology, Owerre benefited from these novel services and practices (FUTO library). The results demonstrate how new techniques and services have improved the way services are delivered in libraries. As a result, more people are using the library and using the OPAC to access databases and e-resources. Ndagi (2021) emphasized that many libraries in Nigeria have not yet introduced Whatsapp reference services or other cutting-edge technology to take use of their advantages. Jebba (2019) emphasized that academic liberators in Nigerian institutions of education are particularly at a turning point in terms of digitalization and the use of ICTs for service delivery. That Nigerian college students today use more internet resources to complete academic tasks including completing assignments, supplementing lecture notes, studying for tests and exams, and preparing for seminars, tutorials, and debates. That throughout the 2000s, quick developments in the use of digital technology in educational institutions gave campus researchers and students a lot of alternatives and forced libraries to compete fiercely with search engines like Google and Alfa vista. In fact, the recent Google forays into scholarly contents and mass digitalization have blurred the already hazy distinctions between libraries and commercial services, sending ripples of panic to libraries and librarians who fail to look for new ways to improve professional competence and fund new innovative delivery strategies in tune with 21st century requirements.
4.5.4 New Innovative Strategies to Digitalized Knowledge Management and Delivery in tune with 21st Century Requirements
Effort here was made to review some of the cutting-edge technologies to be used as strategies in digital knowledge delivery in tune with 21st Century Requirements.
The internet is a fundamental technology for the growth of information technology. According to Lutu (2020), the Internet is a world without boundaries that has developed into a crucial instrument needed by the knowledge-based society to show and handle modern information. Millions of individuals use the internet as a platform for the creation and exchange of knowledge, particularly in an academic setting. Sazili, Moh'd (2017) Ranganathan is of the opinion that the Library, as the center for information dissemination, must adapt IT solutions to its daily operations through the web, electronic network, in which content is transferred via the Internet, intranet extranet, audio/video tapes, satellite television CD-ROMs, DVDs, MP3, etc. Every application or platform to be reviewed all trail on the path of internet for their application. Cell phones and other mobile gadgets have improved communication and advanced the creation, delivery, and access of information. In accordance with Lwhiwhu, Ruteyan, and Eghwubare (2010), modern librarians may deliver efficient library services using GSM-enabled mobile phones (Global Systems for Mobile Communication). That SMS (Short Message Services) may be used to respond to reference requests, notify users of new arrivals, and announce future activities at the institution in support of teaching and research. This might be sent out using a feature called "broadcast," which sends a single text message to all of the library contacts stored in the mobile phone's address book at once.
Social media: A social media platform is a channel via which audio, visual, video, and message files are broadcast to the public at large or to a specific audience. The library has been in the information-connection business. connects clients with their requirements by utilizing a social media network built on Web 2.0 technology. This change has given library personnel additional responsibilities. According to Kamba (2021), Web 2.0 tools, also known as social media, like Facebook, Twitter, blogs, and online groups have made it possible for people to actually connect with one another online. Social media gives you more opportunities to connect with your community, reach out to niche markets, and invite people to engage with your library. Utilizing social media, libraries may interact with their patrons on relevant problems and invite their feedback, especially when it pertains to library services (Khan and Bhatti, 2012).
YouTube, Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and Reddit are just a few examples of well-known social media sites that might be investigated for inventive ideas in the delivery of successful library services, according to Kamba (2021). In a similar vein, Oshile (2021) listed examples of social media platforms for delivery of library services, such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, You Tube, Reddit, LinkedIn, SnapChat, and Flickr.
4.5.4.1. WhatsApp
Users of this instant messaging app for Android-based smartphones and mobile phones may freely send each other text messages, photos, videos, and other file types. Additionally, it permits the attachment of documents in various formats, including Word, Excel, and PDF. WhatsApp may be used in libraries to inform users of upcoming events and to offer services that don't require physical library visits, including Use the Ask the Librarian chat room to engage with library patrons in online forums and to get input on how to make the services more user-friendly. Additionally, notable professional services like newspaper clippings can be offered through WhatsApp, Current Awareness Service (CAS), Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI), and Electronic Document Delivery System (EDDS). It can also be used in facilitating, book procurement, reading/study circle, libray orientation and library bulletin.
4.5.4.2. FACEBOOK
Users may register and make profiles on this social networking platform, which is free to use. It enables sending of messages, keeping in touch with people, and uploading of movies and photographs. Availability of a library on facebbok will able library to communicate with the users effeciently because a library's facebook page is an effective tool for reaching out to its customers. A library can use Facebook to post updates, offer an information literacy program or orientation, connect users to new and existing resources, inform them of the library's programs and services, invite them to training sessions, and encourage user interaction by encouraging comments on posts and sharing with others. Additionally, a library can use Facebook to set up online study groups for users.
4.5.4.3. ISTAGRAM
This is an online photo-sharing service. It allows users to edit and upload pictures and short videos through a mobile app. The use of the Instagram App in a library should be through visual content to allow library users know what the library is all about. A library can use Instagram to share library space give library users an inviting glance into the spaces they have access to. provide a sneak peak, share a sneak peak about the library’s latest release, new resource, new program or an upcoming event. This will leave library users anxious and curious to see the real deal. Libraries can use Instagram to repost patron’s post. This is a perfect way of engaging patrons and making them to feel a part of library community. This makes the bond and loyalty between the library and patrons run deep. It can also be used to show off photos, videos and interesting captions of library structures, facilities and materials. Instagram stories allow sharing of videos and photos that will display only for 24 hours. This will keep library users glued to your page because there will always be something new to see.
4.5.4.4 YOUTUBE
YouTube is a social networking site and online video sharing service. Videos of events, seminars, special speeches, etc. are frequently shared through this method. Users may submit videos, post comments, and make playlists on YouTube channels. For the benefit of the patrons, the library can upload movies on YouTube on conferences, workshops, library events, library tours, and bibliographic training. Additionally, it may be used to save movies on topics that interest users, compile them into playlists, and distribute them to other users. It can also be used to distribute films that demonstrate how to utilize the library's many services.
4.5.4.5. TWITTER
Users of Twitter, a free social networking microblogging site, may publish brief messages known as tweets. Using a variety of platforms and devices, users may broadcast tweets and follow the tweets of other users. Library Twitter may be used to disseminate information about events and activities at the library, new arrivals, images of the staff and library's physical spaces, entertainment for visitors, responses to complaints about the library, and connections to other resources.
However, other advanced but applicable technologies in delivering dital knowledge in the library enumerated by Owuona (2021) are quantum-computing, edge-computting, 3D-printing tech, 5G-tech, AI-tech, block-chain tech, and drone technologies.
4.5.4.6. Quantum Computing
This is a computing library programme presently designed to provide ease of use and efficiency in service delivery. Libraries could adopt the use of quantum computing to save and protect data, and for bibliographic services because it works faster than classical computer.
4.5.4.7. Edge Computing
This is a combination of different technologies including grid computing, cloud computing and internet of things (IOTs). This technology brings the internet closer to users, and requires less time and bandwidth to recieve, process and stores data. It has capacity to stores data that is too large to be stored on network and transmits it on cloud computing. It provides data base collection and search solutions.
4.5.4.8. 3D Printing Tech
This new output tool turns digital information into tangible items. As a new technology, 3D printing has attracted a lot of interest as a quick prototype and small-scale production tool. According to Sawed (2021), 3D printing technology has been steadily included into library services to facilitate patron interaction with software contents. While according to Owuona (2021) 3D printing is important in libraries because it allow freedom of expression of ideas by users and gives users the chance to make prototype parts for engineering, IT projects, face shields or pendant images or could sign up for a 3D scanning or sculpting workshop. 3D printing in libraries is to help users learn the technology and potential of digital fabrications, and re-enforce users learning with simple hands-on projects.
4.5.4.9. 5G TECH
The term 5G is used to describe the 5th Generation cellular communication technology. This speaks of networks standards for broadband cellular networks whose deployment commenced in 2019. 5G is a successor to 4G networks that succeeded 3G, 2G and 1G network respectively. Each new generation surfaces in an interval ten years. 5G is linked with big data, internet of things, broadband and mobile communication. 5G is the fastest network for now and it has much lower latency, higher bandwidth, greater device density, longer battery life for nodes and greater network flexibility.
According to Pantami (2022) 5G goes beyond vjust being a new generation of technologies, rather it represents an era where connectivity becomes flexible and user-cntric. And that it is expected to cover a third of the human population by 2025. That 5G is currently being deployed in a wide range of industries, including health care, banking and finance, automotive, logistics, precision agriculture and transportation among others. Libraries as centres of information business shouldn't be left out. In fact, they need to lead the way. Libraries need to adopt this network to stay useful to their users in terms of providing fast information to the users. Some libraries across the world have started using 5G networks to serve better their users. It can provide the fastest e-library resources for students (Owuona, 2021).
4.5.4.10. AI TECH
Artificial Intelligence technology is a computer technology that deploy machines to do intelligent exercises man does with high capability and proflciency, the ability to think, learn fact and skills to be able to apply them. Similarly, Pantami (2020) said "Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence. Specifically, AI machine attempt to replicate the cognitive ability of humans. However, the human has to start by programming the machine, so it solves future problems by learning from past patterns. "
The ability to develop intelligent computer that perceive, think and behave like humans is the crux of artificial intelligence. Most of our computers and phones today have artificial intelligence features such as speech recognition, language processing, work schedule and automatic performance. In advanced level, AI-Robotic system performs suffisticated tasks such as washing, servicing and driving of cars, delivery of messages and goods, etc. In the library, this can be deploy in shelves reading, arrangement of books, anwsering queries and delivery of services 2-4-7.
4.5.4.12. Block Chain Tech
Block chain is a digital distributed ledger or record keeping side of a transaction and subsequent transactions. It records the date, time, participants and any other contractual agreement in transactions. Information stored as part of transaction cannot be modified unless agreed by both parties. Thus, Casino, Dasaklis & Patsakis (2018) said it provide a secure uneditable record of time-stamped digital transaction. It involves the storing of information in a distributed, tamper - resistant setting. One good thing a out blockchain is that it is a distributed database which means there are duplicate records in multiple computers, each acting as a node on the network. This and other good things about blockchain spelled out by Pantami (2022) as advantages of blockchain are:
(i) Immutability: Records are stored permanently and cannot be altered,
(ii) Trust: The infrastructure gives users trust in the system,
(iii) Disintermediation: This reduces bureaucracy since there is no need circa central controlling authority,
(iv) Self-sovereignty: Users can identify themselves and control their data, and
(v) Transparency: Transactions can be readily scrutinized
Blockchain is like building a trustworthy system in an untrustworthy world (De Filippo & Lavayssirere,2020). According to Pantami (2022) blockchain technology can be deployed in several applications. That as an example, it can ensure the integrity of data, supply chains, certificates and communication, amongst other things. Interestingly, librarians as information preservation tycoons can put into use blockchain system to better their operations. In the Libraries, the block chain could serve as another Digital Right Management (DRM) to print copies because it protects digital first sale rights. With block chain, libraries could have access to information and also have right to protect their information from being plagiarized.
4.5.4.13 Drone Tech
Drones or Unmaimed Arial Vehicles (UAV), according to Owuona (2021) were first used for military operations but other companies have started using it in delivering of parcels to their customer for commercial purposes. That this is an emerging technology that could be used in libraries for document delivery. Drones are controlled by remote ground control system referred to as a ground cockpit. It could be used for delivery of documents, transportation of books to designated areas because they have anchor to carry books and can save time and effort in doing this.
Moreover, other emerging innovations in the 21st century made possible through the changes brought by ICT and should be used by the libraries in reaching out to the patrons include; streaming media ( podcasting), instant messaging (SMS enquiry service), wikies & Blogs (social networking), vodcasting (application programming interface (API), author workshops (Institutional repository), Geo tagging (cloud computing), online chats -Ask the Librarian (web conferencing), subject Gateways (content Management systems), library Security systems (smartcards, Biometrics, Face recognition). In addaition to these, libraries/librarians could also deploy latest tools for online conferencing for learning development, capacity building, interaction with proffesional colleagues, library stakeholders and patrons far away from the library. Consequently, Daniel (2021) stressed that there is a seeming live interactivity, synchronicity, collaboration closer to audience working with as a team in the face-to-face meeting, yet without travelling from your station as you can see and hear others, using audio/video features and add notes to a virtual flipchart to show others a document from word processor and communicating it in real time dynamics. Social-media platforms are used to actulised this, examples which includes:
4.5.4.14. Zoom
This is a straightforward online platform used for virtual conferences and meetings. Zoom, according to Daniel (2021), unifies group chat, basic online meetings, and cloud video conferencing onto a single, user-friendly platform. Today, a lot of libraries and librarians are seeking for chances to practice using zoom. The Niger State Chapter of the Nigeria Library Association (NLA) has done well in this area. It recently arranged a full-fledged course on effective zoom usage for its members and colleagues. Ease of Use:
4.5.4.15. Go-To-Meeting
This webinar solution enables a sizable number of simultaneous participants and is comparatively simple to use. Libraries and librarians might utilize Go-To-Meeting, a long-established program for virtual meetings among experts in many professions, for meetings and business dealings.
4.5.4.16. Any-Meeting
For small user groups or coaching organizations, AnyMeeting is a straightforward web conferencing tool for business meetings, interactions, and educational reasons. This platform is user-friendly, dependable, and offers customer support. This can be used by management teams of two or more libraries to hold meetings for sharing ideas or pursuing common interest beneficial to their libraries.
4.5.4.17. ClickMeeting
This is similar to Go-To-Meeting with a webinar solution that is easy to use and with improved screen sharing. ClickMeeting is a browser-based web conferencing program with a user-friendly interface that covers the whole webinar process, from planning to follow-up, according to Daniel (2021).
4.5.4.18. Google-Hangouts
The free online platform Google-Hangout integrates with YouTube. Chrome and a YouTube subscription are required for online conferencing. This implies that participating teams can join from anywhere as long as they have a Google account and the Chrome browser.
4.5.4.19 Demio
This clever webinar platform is easy to put up and has strong tracking features (tracking, retargeting, and recording). Demo is a cutting-edge social media tool used for engagement and capacity building, according to Saeed (2021).
4.5.4.20. Lifesize
This is a good quality video conferencing solution been used for many years, tested and trusted by many professionals. The Lifesize App is easy to use and specializes in both cloud-based video conferencing.
4.5.4.21. Webex
Webex is an online conferencing tool that facilitates group communication. Through voice or HD video chats, users may collaborate and screen-share from various perspectives. Reference librarians in libraries may utilize this to provide live reference services and address users' inquiries from various perspectives.
4.5.4.22. Webinarian
A comprehensive live stream of events may be produced using the straightforward video conferencing program Webinarian. Daniel (2021) claims that webinarian is compatible with the majority of devices and operating systems, supports different languages, and has thousands of registrants throughout the world.
4.5.4.23. Simple Webinar
This is another another intriguing website with a mobile app, pre-built sales funnel, HD video, and chat capabilities that make it easy to use and can be utilized to give library services live online.
4.5.4.24. Conclusion
The emergence of ICT with particular achievement of knowledge digitisation has brought a paradigm shift in knowledge delivery. This paper going by its purpose has found new innovative delivery strategies to digital knowledge in tune with 21st century requirements. These innovations have become useful tools in digital knowledge delivery particularly in academic libraries whose mission is to support teaching, learning and research. Thus, there acquaintance by knowledge managers and application in digital knowledge delivery would surely Improve professional competence of knowledge managers (librarians) particularly working in academic libraries. Professional librarians working in academic libraries in the twenty-first century are expected to take use of ICT's potential to reposition academic libraries as the center of information production, provision, and dissemination. In light of this, the following suggestions were made:
1. Quickly supplying the libraries with enough money, especially academic libraries, to enable them to finance the use of new inventions included therein
2. It should be a top priority to teach and retrain librarians for the twenty-first century. This is due to the fact that a library's personnel is what determines whether it succeeds or fails.
3. To remain competent and defend their profession in the 21st century and beyond in the face of diminishing budgetary cuts, librarians in the 21st century should take personal steps to advance their abilities.
4.6 Enhancing Library and Information Management Through the Use Of Social Media
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HighLights:
« Introduction
« The Concept of Web 2.0 / Library 2.0 and Social Media
« Enhancing Information Acquisition, Organization and Dissemination through Social Media
« Conclusion & Recommendations
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4.6.1 Introduction
In this segment, discussion made on various concepts associated social media and influence of it to library and information management. Various social media tools that can be effectively used to share information with the library patrons and to improve library and information management in present era also outlined. And finally, Suggestion made for library and information professionals to rethink for implementing web 2.0 technologies in library services from the inception so as to measure up with the present demand of the users.
The invention of the computer has significantly increased the range of intellectual pursuits available to humans. Every field has undergone revolutionary transformation as a result of its application and integration with telecommunication, and library and information management practice is no different. Information management, which includes documentation, records management, and technical infrastructure, is the skillful exercise of control over the acquisition, organization, storage, security, retrieval, and dissemination of the information resources necessary to the successful operation of a business, agency, organization, or institution (Reitz, 2004). Information management activities are characterized as "planning, organizing, and overseeing the people and material resources in an information system" by Aina (2004).
The information environment's information and communication technology (ICT) revolution has significantly altered how libraries look and what services they offer to patrons (Lynch, 2000). The development of the electronic library system was characterized by the use of ICTs in library and information management, and today social media, mobile technologies, and Library 2.0 are leading the way in this area. According to Alonge (2014), libraries have been integrated at the electronic frontier due to the rapid advancements in ICT, enabling the quick flow of information on a worldwide scale. Super search engines, social media platforms, web 2.0/library 2.0, improvements in computer storage and communications techniques, online access to databases, electronic journals, and electronic knowledge banks are all examples of modern Internet and World Wide Web (www) usage. The innovative advancements in the previous two or three decades—direct document delivery, teleconferences, CD-ROMs, networks, etc.—have significantly altered how information is handled and stored..
4.6.2 The Concept of Web 2.0 / Library 2.0 and Social Media
Without a doubt, the rapid development of ICT has resulted in the integration of social media into information management and library services. Social media, which is seen as a subset of Web 2.0 applications, is defined by Junco et al. (2011) as "a collection of internet websites, services, and behaviors that encourage collaboration, community building, participation, and sharing." "A range of Internet-based apps that build on the theoretical and technological underpinnings of Web 2.0, and that enable the creation and exchange of user-generated content," according to Mcgrath (2012), is what is meant by social media. Instead of the conventional one-way style of web authorship, Web 2.0 is a set of server-based technologies that have made the web a publishing platform (Abram, 2005). All Internet users are encouraged to exchange, work together, and participate in the creation of websites using these solutions. The emerging generation of online tools and apps is simply referred to as "Web 2.0." The Web 2.0 phenomenon has had a big influence on the information environment since it first emerged in 2004. It runs the Library 2.0 platform. The notion of Library 2.0, as defined by Michael (2005), is one in which users are both content producers and consumers of knowledge. It is a library with no set bounds and the most active involvement of users acting as architects. In actuality, the phrase "Library2.0" refers to the incorporation of multi-media, interactive, and collaborative web-based technologies into online library services and collections. The goal of Library 2.0, according to Alonge (2014), is to bring the library to the users' locations so that it can better serve them and foster professional collaboration among librarians. The four core components of Library 2.0 that are seen to be the most appropriate for modern library and information management are:
§ User-centered: In the sense that users contribute to the production of the services and material they access on the library's website, OPAC, etc., it is user-centered.
§ Video and audio are included in all collections and services to give a multi-media experience.
§ Socially rich: It is socially rich in the sense that the library's online presence considers users' presences by offering synchronous (like IM) and asynchronous (like wikis) ways for users to interact with other users and with librarians/managers.
§ Innovative from a community perspective: By giving patrons the chance to influence how the library is changed, it is innovative from a community perspective.
The creation of highly interactive platforms for people and communities to co-create, discuss, and alter user-generated content as well as share and exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks is another way that social media is dependent on mobile and web-based technology. Social media technologies include video-sharing websites like YouTube as well as networking platforms like Facebook. Although the functionality, user interface, and applications of each tool might vary greatly, they all facilitate cooperation and sharing so that "everyone and anybody can share anything anywhere anytime" (Joosten, 2012). Among the social media resources are:
§ MySpace: People may meet friends, chat online, and exchange resources on MySpace (http://www.myspace.com) and Facebook, two of the most well-known social networking sites.
§ Facebook is a popular social media platform among students and is user-friendly for librarians. Web 2.0 allows for the possibility of customer group communication.
§ Ning: A librarian may connect with students, library associations, and others with this application. It may also be used to provide information to several individuals simultaneously.
§ Blog: By starting a blog, you may instantly share content with a large audience. Blogs are a great tool, especially when paired with RSS, for communicating with library personnel or informing students about new resources.
§ No matter which IM client they use, students may connect and help one another on Meebo. Professionals can influence clients by using virtual reference services in libraries or online chat.
§ LinkedIn is a fantastic resource for connecting library visitors with those who can direct them to the information they need. They may locate them in your LinkedIn network, whether you are one of them or academics, writers, historians, or other sources.
§ Use Twitter to notify employees and customers on daily operations, such as constantly updated collections, new arrivals, and current content offerings of libraries.
4.6.3 Enhancing Information Acquisition, Organization and Dissemination through Social Media
Due to its widespread usage, social media is today's libraries' and information managers' most effective ally for disseminating information to clients in the quickest and most comprehensive manner possible. It was previously stated that there are 750 million active Facebook members worldwide. There are 250 million users of Twitter, 115 million users of LinkedIn, 50 million users of MySpace, and 25 million users of Google Plus globally (Googlefan, 2011). Due to the daily increase in social network users, these figures may have treble in the current scenario. Three main tasks in library and information management that librarians might do via social media are:
§ Information sourcing/acquisition,
§ Information organization/cataloguing, and
§ Information communication/dissemination.
4.6.3.1. Information sourcing/acquisition:
The social media is used to source for information in many cases. Through it librarians/managers get in contact with individual and corporate donors. The social media tools listed above are access points to information in digital environment coupled with the websites of corporate donors, example of which are:
African Library Project http://www.africanlibraryproject.org
American Mathematical Society http://www.ams.org/home/page
Better World Books http://www.betterworldbooks.com
Book Aid International http://www.bookaid.org/cms.cgi/site
The Bookman http://www.thebookman.org
Books Abroad http://www.booksabroad.org.uk
Books for Africa http://www.booksforafrica.org
Books for All http://www.archive.ifla.org/vii/s10/1996/b4all.htm
Books for International Goodwill http://www.big-books.org/
Books for Kids http://www.booksforkids.org/
Books for Soldiers http://www.booksforsoldiers.com/
Darien Book Aid Plan http://www.dba.darien.org/
Book Project of the World Bank Volunteer Services http://www.worldbank.org/yournet
4.6.3.2. Information organization/cataloguing:
Social software can help librarians/managers in information organization. Alonge (2014) outlined the following tools that can be effectively used in library and information centre for patrons:
§ Del.icio.us: the social bookmarking tool that permits one to create a custom directory for library patrons.
§ With the aid of Netvibes, you can make a public page that anybody can see and use to direct visitors to useful websites, news feeds, and other content. Many of the resources described here, including Flickr and library blogs, can be connected with it.
§ LibraryThing is a social cataloging platform that is excellent for librarians and can be used to categorize materials from more than 200 other libraries worldwide as well as Amazon and the Library of Congress.
4.6.3.3. Information communication/dissemination:
Social media is a platform where individuals may work together to produce and share content. It brings about significant and extensive changes to how businesses, communities, and people communicate. In an online collaborative setting, social media facilitates successful communication and engagement between nformation managers and information users. It is the easiest and quickest approach to spread information to users in a wide-ranging manner. The following social media platforms may be utilized to efficiently convey information with users:
Picasa: To distribute brand-new picture collections, use this image distribution tool. Libraries can use this to share their photo collections of seminars, conferences, and other campus events. This is a tool that librarians and information managers may use to construct sets with metadata, as well as take advantage of the many plugins available for Picasa users.
YouTube: tutorials, events, and other video for e-learning and libraries YouTube may be used to efficiently advertise and broadcast library services online.
Wikipedia: Wikipedia is a user-edited online encyclopedia. By modifying or guiding library users, librarians and information managers can utilize this technology to disseminate information and knowledge. Wiki software like PBWiki may also be used to host library websites.
SlideShare: this is a fantastic platform for sharing knowledge throughout the academic community. It promotes academics, staff, and students sharing their slide shows so that the larger community may view them.
StumbleUpon: This is a different website where resources for research, articles, and more of these are display and access in the network.
4.6.4 Conclusion
The multidisciplinary nature of Library and Information management means that whatever developments that occur in ICT should of necessity be of interest to the Librarians/information managers otherwise effective and efficient service delivery may be impaired. For the practice of librarianship to remain relevant in the face of ICT revolution, library and information professionals need to change the way we communicate and connect with library clienteles by embracing social media. Today, library and information professionals should rethink for the possibility of web 2.0 technologies in library services so as to measure up with the present demand of the users.
4.7 4IR And Innovative Library and Information Service Delivery in The Digital Age
*
HighLights:
« Abstract
« Introduction
« 4IR Concepts
« 4IR Technologies & the Libraries
« 4IR Potentialities and the Libraries
« Challenges of the 4IR & the Libraries
« Prospects of the 4IR and the Libraries
« Conclusion & Recommendations
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*This is a paper previously presented in a conference but found important in this chapter.
4.7.1 Abstract
Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) was declared by the World Economic Forum' 2017 as the catalyst changing the world, because it is characterises with new technologies that combine the physical, digital and biological worlds that are impacting all disciplines, economies and industries. As the world now moves into the Fourth Industrial Revolution, there is a sense of urgency for libraries to use 4IR technologies for sustainable development, to provide services to improve all library users’ quality of life directly or indirectly. Libraries have the opportunity to move directly into the 4IR without going through the previous industrial revolutions. This requires that libraries give a sense of urgency and high priority to the transition into the 4IR. This is already happening in some libraries that are establishing plans and activities for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Thus, this paper explores how the 4IR is changing productivity and service delivery in emerging libraries, shining a light on existing and future opportunities for these libraries to harness innovation for sustainable outcomes. Also discussed are concept of 4IR, 4IR technologies, 4IR advantages, 4IR technologies in libraries, challenges and prospect of 4IR in libraries. Recommendations were for the needful to harness innovations in 4IR such as provision of adequate fund, facilities, trainings and enlightenment; need to empower library staff particularly librarians, and also educate users to use emerging 4IR technologies for sustainability in digital age.
Key terms: 4IR, Service delivery, digital age.
4.7.2 Introduction
Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is a talk of the day and mainstay in human endeavors. It commences towards the end of the first decade of the 21st century. Before now, many revolutions have occurred all in the quest for making easy life at work and increasing proficiency and productivity. The first profound industrial revolution in our way of living spanned from about 1760 to around 1840, triggered by the construction of railroads and the invention of the steam engine. This ushered in mechanical production. The second industrial revolution, which started in the late 19th century and into the early 20th century, made mass production possible, fostered by the advent of electricity and the assembly line. The third industrial revolution began in the 1960s. It is usually called the computer or digital revolution because it was catalysed by the development of semiconductors, mainframe computing (1960s), personal computing (1970s and 80s) and the internet (1990s). The fourth industrial revolution began at the turn of this century and builds on the digital revolution. It is characterized by a much more ubiquitous and mobile internet, by smaller and more powerful sensors that have become cheaper, and by artificial intelligence and machine learning (Schwab, 2016). As the world now moves into the Fourth Industrial Revolution, there is a sense of urgency for libraries to use 4IR technologies for sustainable development, to provide services to improve all library users’ quality of life directly or indirectly. However, libraries must make sure that they have the infrastructure to take advantage of 4IR technologies. The World Economic Forum (2017) declared that the 4IR is changing the world, because new technologies that combine the physical, digital and biological worlds are impacting all disciplines, economies and industries. Libraries have the opportunity to move directly into the 4IR without going through the previous industrial revolutions. This requires that libraries give a sense of urgency and high priority to the transition into the 4IR. This is already happening in some libraries that are establishing plans and activities for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. However, libraries in developing countries need to empower library staff particularly librarians, and also educate users to the use of emerging 4IR technologies for sustainable development.
4.7.4 Concept of 4IR
The Fourth Industrial Revolution, also known as 4IR or Industry 4.0, refers to the fusion of the physical, digital and biological worlds (Ndung'u and Signe, 2020). The 4IR was coined by coined by Prof. Klaus Schwab, the founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF). He described it as 'a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres' (Schwab, 2016). 4IR is mainly characterized by the fusion of the digital, biological, and physical worlds, as well as the growing utilization of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, robotics, 3D printing, the Internet of Things, and advanced wireless technologies, among others, which has ushered in a new era of economic disruption with uncertain socio-economic consequences particularly for developing natioan (Ndung’u, and Signé, 2020). Sharing the same view, Deloitte (2020) 4IR as 'the marriage of physical assets and advanced digital technologies - the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robot, drones, autonomous vehicles, 3D printing, cloud computing, nanotechnology, and more - that communicate, analyse, and act upon information, enabling organisations, consumers, and society to be more flexible and responsive and make more intelligent, data-driven decisions'. Entering the 4IR era, there are megatrend drivers within physical, digital and biological environment that disrupt the common ways of human lifestyle, industrial production and government policies. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) era according to Zamonbo (2022) is characterized by digital revolution, knowledge-economy, heightened globalization, internationalization of higher education, information explosion, and emerging labor markets. This era has revolutionized all professions, institutions, operations, and cultures. Digital technologies are now regarded as critical catalyst for improving, supporting, extending teaching and creative learning in higher education across the globe. Fourth Industrial Revolution will be driven largely by the convergence of digital, biological, and physical innovations while the 4IR libraries regarded as hybrid libraries that bring together the best of the physical and the digital to create learning hubs.
4.7.5 4IR Technologies and libraries
4IR technologies are varieties of advanced technological applications that aid huhuman endeavors. Some of the most widely used 4IR technologies include Artificial-Intelligence (AI), robotics, drones & autonomous vehicles, big data, internet of Thing (IoT), cloud computing, quantum computing, biotechnology, blockchain (distributed ledger), 3D printing, Extended Reality (XR), and smart sensors. These categories, in turn, contain numerous sub-categories. For instance, AI encompasses single-task bots, digital assistants, machine learning and deep learning. XR includes Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed Reality (MR), Remote Augmented Reality (RAR) and Virtual Reality (VR).
As mentioned, AI, XR and ICT are being applied to holistic, immersive learning environments as well as in providing immersive MR learning experiences (Mavrikios et al, 2019). Learners in a holistic, immersive learning environment used holograms, mobile technologies and finger-tracking to interact with educational resources and employees, and can create what are often intense, highly interactive, immersive real and virtual world experiences, which can stimulate most end users’ sensory perceptions, including learners. Such technologies are used in education to offer real-life situational experiences, which can be used in library settings to enhance users experience in the library. 4IR technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous vehicles and drones, the Internet of things, 3D printing and biotechnology are particularly relevant to library usage. Many are already showing promise at reshaping libraries; changes and accelerating provision of services. Libraries can harness these pioneering technologies, combined with each other and with new business models, to not only enhance productivity but to reduce effort, time and cost spent on repetitive tasks and increase wellbeing. Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain are also attracting interest in information preservation and manipulation as they have the potential to successfully address challenges face in usual way of doing this. These technologies are so many and could be transformational in many areas of the library.
All new technologies have one key feature in common; they leverage the pervasive power of digitization and information technology. All of the technologies described in this segment are made possible and are enhanced through digital power. To identify the megatrends and convey the broad landscape of technological drivers of the fourth industrial revolution, the discussion is further made into three clusters: physical, digital and biological. All three are deeply interrelated and the various technologies benefit from each other based on the discoveries and progress each makes.
Physical: There are four main physical manifestations of the technological megatrends, which are the easiest to see because of their tangible nature; autonomous vehicles, 3D printing, advanced robotics, and new materials.
Autonomous vehicles: The driverless car dominates the news but there are now many other autonomous vehicles including trucks, drones, aircrafts and boats. As technologies such as sensors and artificial intelligence progress, the capabilities of all these autonomous machines improve at a rapid pace. It is only a question of a few years before low-cost, commercially available drones, together with submersibles, are used in different applications (Zambo, 2019). As drones become capable of sensing and responding to their environment (altering their flight path to avoid collisions), they will be able to do tasks such as delivering library material to remote area through mobile services.
3D printing: Also called additive manufacturing, 3D printing consists of creating a physical object by printing layer upon layer from a digital 3D drawing or model. This is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing, which is how things have been made until now, with layers being removed from a piece of material until the desired shape is obtained. By contrast, 3D printing starts with loose material and then builds an object into a three-dimensional shape using a digital template. The technology is being used in a broad range of applications. For the moment, it is primarily limited to applications in the automotive, aerospace and medical industries. Researchers are already working on 4D, a process that would create a new generation of self-altering products capable of responding to environmental changes such as heat and humidity. This technology could be used in humidity control in most outfits as well as in the libraries.
Advanced robotics: Until recently, the use of robots was confined to tightly controlled tasks in specific industries such as automotive. Today, however, robots are increasingly used in many sectors including library and for a wide range of tasks. Rapid progress in robotics will soon make collaboration between humans and machines an everyday reality. Moreover, Advances in sensors are enabling robots to understand and respond better to their environment and to engage in a broader variety of tasks. The presence of advanced robotic is noted in University of Pretoria with the employment of Libby - the new robotic library assistant, and this shall spring to many libraries soon.
Internet of Things (IoT): One of the main bridges between the physical and digital applications enabled by the fourth industrial revolution is the internet of things (IoT) sometimes called the “internet of all things”. In its simplest form, it can be described as a relationship between things (products, services, places, etc.) and people that is made possible by connected technologies and various platforms. Sensors and numerous other means of connecting things in the physical world to virtual networks are proliferating at an astounding pace. The digital revolution is creating radically new approaches that revolutionize the way in which individuals and institutions engage and collaborate. For example, the blockchain, often described as a “distributed ledger”, is a secure protocol where a network of computers collectively verifies a transaction before it can be recorded and approved. The technology that underpins the blockchain creates trust by enabling people who do not know each other (and thus have no underlying basis for trust) to collaborate without having to go through a neutral central authority, i.e. a custodian or central ledger. In essence, the blockchain is a shared, programmable, cryptographically secure and therefore trusted ledger which no single user controls and which can be inspected by everyone. (Schwab, 2016). These technologies shall soon influence and enhance information preservation in libraries as they are gradually manifesting in other outfits of information presentation.
4.7.6 4IR Potentialities and the libraries
The transformative potential of 4IR is substantial encouraging economic growth and structural transformation in recent years. The 4IR introduced the virtual world (Pantami, 2022). The virtual world is increasing efficiency, certainty, and security in an environment where information flow is critical for economic growth and job creation. Failure to recognize and capitalize on 4IR opportunities, conversely, will impose considerable risks on outfits left behind. Without attempts to tap opportunities brought by 4IR, libraries in Nigeria risk falling further behind, exacerbating the global digital divide and lowering their global competitiveness.
The use of 4IR technologies by libraries can empower library users with access to information and services that improve their standard of learning and living. Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain can enhance opportunities for information gathering preservation, and delivering for more targeted users, highly effective and cost reduction. Already, we have witnessed the transformational power of formal information services through mobile phones, reaching nooks and cranies. 4IR technologies allow presentation of information in secure medium and enlarge stock base of libraries and escape problems of shortage of spaces. The 4IR represents a massive opportunity for growth. Indeed, the 4IR is dramatically changing global systems of labor and production, requiring that job seekers cultivate the skills and capabilities necessary for adapting rapidly to the needs of firms and automation more broadly (Ramofosa, 2019).
4.7.7 Challenges of the 4IR
The fourth industrial revolution will generate great benefits and big challenges in equal measure. A particular concern is exacerbated inequality in ability to use 4IR latest technologies and even expected technologies. Two factors brought about this; inequality in access to IT facilities and inequality in IT skills from the part of producers and consumers (library staff and users). The challenges posed by rising inequality are hard to quantify as a great majority of us are consumers and producers, so innovation and disruption will both positively and negatively affect our living standards and welfare. (Schwab, 2016). Of the many diverse and fascinating challenges, we face today, the most intense and important is how to understand and shape the new technology revolution, which entails nothing less than a transformation of humankind. We are at the beginning of a revolution that is fundamentally changing the way we live, work, and relate to one another. In its scale, scope and complexity, 4IR is unlike anything humankind has experienced before, a such, we are yet to grasp fully the speed and breadth of this new revolution. Consider the unlimited possibilities of having billions of people connected by mobile devices, giving rise to unprecedented processing power, storage capabilities and knowledge access. Or think about the staggering confluence of emerging technology breakthroughs, covering wide-ranging fields such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the internet of things (IoT), autonomous vehicles, 3D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, energy storage and quantum computing, to name a few. Many of these innovations are in their infancy, but they are already reaching an inflection point in their development as they build on and amplify each other in a fusion of technologies across the physical, digital and biological worlds. We are witnessing profound shifts across all industries, marked by the emergence of new business models, the disruption of incumbents and the reshaping of production, consumption, transportation and delivery systems. These changes are cumbersome in terms of their size, speed and scope. While the profound uncertainty surrounding the development and adoption of emerging technologies means that we do not yet know how the transformations driven by this industrial revolution will unfold, their complexity and interconnectedness across sectors imply that all stakeholders of global society; governments, business, academia, and civil society, etc, have a responsibility to work together to better understand the emerging trends.
On Nigeria industries, particularly library industry, what appear to underpin fast grasp of 4IR opportunities are;
§ Administrative barriers: unnecessary protocols in planning and implementation of use of technologies,
§ Psychological barriers: consumers/users resistance to new technologies,
§ In-appropriate policies guiding use of technologies
§ Lack of long-term planning to the use of technologies
§ Inadequate financial support to the use of technologies
§ Absence of local resources suitable to our needs
§ Lack of shared initiatives of workers/staff
§ Lack of appropriate and consistent ICT Training Programs
§ Inadequate skilled manpower, and
§ Inadequate infrastructure
The challenges threatening 4IR transformation in Nigeria industries and Nigeria libraries in particular are enormous. Inadequate financial support, inappropriate policies, lack of long-term planning, and absence of local resources among others prevail in the libraries, and this was found in the reports of some researches such as Tanimu (2017) and Enagi, et'al (2022).
4.7.8 Prospects of the 4IR and the libraries
Countless organizations have produced lists ranking the various technologies that will drive the fourth industrial revolution. The scientific breakthroughs and the new technologies they generate seem limitless, unfolding on so many different fronts and in so many different places. (Schwab, 2016). In a lecture titled 'A national strategy for harnessing the Fourth Industrial Revolution: The case of South Africa' Cyril Ramaphosa, President of the Republic of South Africa said:
"The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) represents the great tectonic shift of our time. It is creating new possibilities for improving people’s lives. Disruptive technologies like machine learning, artificial intelligence, and big data are changing the way we live, the way we work and do business, and the way we govern. As a continent that continues to be impacted by historically low levels of development, Africa can and must take advantage of technological advances to industrialize, pursue inclusive growth, and attract investment. It must also be at the forefront of driving new solutions to our developmental challenges, like access to health care and education. South Africa is preparing itself to take the great quantum leap into the future, and in doing so to ensure that technological advances benefit all, and not a select few."
In addition to this, that 'by 2030, we aim to be a nation that has fully harnessed the potential of technological innovation to grow our economy and to uplift our people. To this end, we have established a Presidential Commission on the Fourth Industrial Revolution to develop an integrated national response strategy'. Developing integrated strategy is what would guarantee 4IR transformation in outfits and countries not only South-Africa. For the nations and outfits, including libraries to survive in this era of 4IR, commission or committee must be composed with the representatives of cyber-specialists, technologists, academia, researchers, social scientists, trade unionists, and other stakeholders; representatives from key economic sectors so as to look into issues of 4IR. This commission or committee should have various workstreams on issues such as infrastructure/resources, technology and innovation, human capital, industrialization, and policy and legislation. Moreover, steering ahead the usage of 4IR is threefold;
First, outfits including libraries need to respond with agility and purpose; they must be adaptive and responsive to the pace of change. They must be determined to take advantage of the opportunities technological change presents to enhance global competitiveness.
Second, prosperity of 4IR in nations and outfits will be visible when also we develop capabilities to further our scientific and technological understanding. Scientific and industrial research into complex contemporary challenges is recognised as the drives to the sustainability of 4IR now and ahead.
Third, outfits and libraries must aim to ensure that consumers or users are prepared to shield them from adverse consequences of technological change, and to prepare them for the developments of the future.
Nigeria libraries in particular, should be fully integrated into the libraries of the future, libraries that use 4IR technological innovation to revolutionize library processes and service provision and delivery. Libraries in nearest future would demonstrate how science, technology, and innovation have been used to enhance human workforce; libraries where users feel the impact of 4IR realities, which means library workforce should be skilled and empowered to enjoy the transformative benefits of a new world of work. Library is a centre of learning/research, advance technologies should be use to catalyze research activity. Library growth will be driven by adaptability to the use of advance technologies in the future. Library 2.0 will enable us to 'leapfrog' outdated processes and technologies in favor of newer, more sustainable ones. Library growth lies in scaled-up investment in disruptive technologies, especially with the rapid growth of the users of libraries, more people registering their presence in library fatforms to improve their levels of education and awareness. However, libraries ability to harness the 4IR rests on forging collaborative partnerships between government and the private sector, with policymakers and industry experts. Together with other stakeholders, the unique partnership will explore how 4IR innovations could help drive libraries transformation. Also, balancing the impact of complex interactions between libraries and the library users will be vital for a sustainable future. In emerging libraries, action to address the following key challenges will be particularly important for delivering library sustainability and could be supported by 4IR innovations:
1. Smart planning and implementation to make better use of the digital technologies;
2. Sustainable Networking to increase mobility of library services and connectivity to the library;
3. The 4IR technologies provision and utilities to improve efficiency of library systems and the services;
4. Provision of adequate facilities and resources to lower cost and improve affordability;
5. Resilient integrated library systems to enable libraries to prepare for, and withstand, 4IR shocks and disasters.
4.7.9 Conclusion
Much of the discussions in this paper are based on ongoing revolution and initiatives across the world. Concept, potentialities, and prospects of 4IR have been discussed and analysis of challenges. Thus, this paper provides a framework for shaping the future activities of libraries in 4IR era. It is in that sense conclusion made by suggesting practical ideas and solutions on how best libraries are to adapt, shape and tap the potential of this great transformation. First, shared understanding is particularly critical if libraries are to shape a collective future that reflects common objectives and values. Libraries must have a comprehensive and globally shared view of how 4IR is changing present lives and those of future generations, and how it is reshaping the economic, social, cultural and human context in which we live. Above all, libraries must take dramatic measures to invest on 4IR actualisation, and drawn attention and energy in multistakeholder cooperation across academic, social, political, national and industry boundaries. These interactions and collaborations accordig to Schwab (2016) are needed to create positive, common and hope-filled narratives, enabling individuals and groups from all parts of the world to participate in, and benefit from, the ongoing transformations. We are convinced with ongoing urge and realities in our libraries that potentialities of fourth industrial revolution will be powerfully tapped, impactful and historically important more than previous three revolutions.
4.8 QR Code & Applicability to Library & Information Services
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HighLights:
« The Concept of QR codes.
« The Features of QR Codes
« The merits of QR Codes
« Functions of QR Codes
« How to Operate QR Codes
« How to generate a code
« How to acquire QR Code Readers
« Application of QR code in libraries: virtues & value
« The technology of QR Code in Libraries
« The need for Quick Response (QR) codes application in Nigeria libraries
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4.8.1 The Concept of QR Codes
Quick Response (QR) code is a type of two-dimensional bar code appears as a small white square with black geometric shapes in which data are encoded based on the position and combination of the black spots read by smart phones\androids with camera. Quick Response (QR) is often referred to as mobile code. It can be termed as a matrix barcode as it is readable by smart phones with the help of mobile cameras. QR codes can hold much more information than a regular barcode. The information encoded in a QR codes can be a URL, a phone number, an SMS message, a V-card, or any text. It is referred to as QR because it quickly respond to the query, i.e. allow the contents encoded in to be decoded at high speed. The idea behind the development of the QR code is the limitation of the barcode information capacity (can only hold 20 alphanumeric characters)
It links the physical world (poster, printout, physical object, etc) to the electronic and facilitates communication, adding significant value by improving accessibility to information. In fact, QR code printed on physical materials like posters, handouts or objects will divert to the content in electronic form or allows user to communicate electronically. Historically, QR code was developed as an improvement to the existing barcodes for application in inventory management by Toyota subsidiary Denso Wave in 1994. Therefore, it was initially used for tracking inventory in vehicle parts manufacturing but since then, the QR code has gained wide acceptance in diverse industries such as manufacturing, ware housing, logistics, retailing, health care, life senses, transportation and office automation etc. Now with the explosive growth of smart phones, the QR code is also being used in mobile marketing as a fast and effective way of connecting with customers and providing end user content. Libraries in the present days, are also adopting the technology of QR rapidly. In the developed countries, the likes of America, Britain, Japan and also India, the use of QR codes to cater most crucial user demand for access to information through mobile phones is widely practiced. QR code is capable of handling more information compared to conventional barcodes; capable of storing approximately 20 digits. Small printout size QR code carries information both horizontally and vertically. Hence QR code can hold the same amount of data contained in a barcode in only one-tenth the space of it. Damage resistant QR code has error correction capability. Data can be restored even if the symbol is partially damaged. A maximum 30% of code word can be restored.
The QR code consists of black modules arranged in a square pattern on a white background. The code was designed to allow its contents to be decoded at high speed. QR code has high speed reading. It accomplishes this task through position detection patterns located at the 3 corners of the symbol. This position detection pattern guarantees stable high-speed reading.
4.8.2 The Features of QR Codes
Quick Response (QR) code system consists of a QR code encoder and decoder. The encoder is responsible for encoding data and generation of the QR Code, while the decoder decodes the data from the QR code. The module configuration of the basic QR codes is explicit. The symbol versions of the QR Code range from Version 1 to Version 40. Each version has a different module configuration or number of modules. (The module refers to the black and white dots that make up QR Code.) "Module configuration" refers to the number of modules contained in a symbol, commencing with Version 1 (21 × 21 modules) up to Version 40 (177 × 177 modules).
Other features of QR codes entail their capabilities ahead of conventional barcode which according to Denso Wave 2 (the developers of QR Codes) include:
1. High storage capacity; conventional barcode can store a maximum of 20 digits whereas QR Code capable of storing hundred to thousand-fold of more information. A QR code Data storage capacity: Max. 7,089 numeric characters, Max. 4,296 alphanumeric characters, Max. 2,953 binary bytes, Max. 1,817 Kanji, full-width Kana characters or a mixture of all others (Adebayo, 20??).
2. Capability of handling variety of data; QR codes are capable of handling all data varieties, such as Alpha-Numeric, Special characters, Kanji, Kana, Hiragana, binary and control codes.
3. Little output size needed; As for QR Codes, very little output Size is needed, because QR code carries data both horizontally and vertically, and when this compare with barcode, QR code is capable to store same quantity of data in about one-tenth of the area.
4. Possess error correction capacity; QR Code has error correction capacity which even dirty or broken image is repaired and max. up to 30% code will be corrected.
5. Omni-directional in nature; QR Code is readable from any direction across 360 degrees, i.e. omni-directional.
6. Structured Append Feature; QR Code has Structured Append Feature, in which QR Code is divided into multiple data areas and all the information is stored in multiple QR Code symbols that can be recreated as single data symbols.
4.8.3 The MERits of QR Codes
The popularity of QR codes is growing rapidly across the world. Nowadays, mobile phones with built-in camera are widely used to recognize the QR Codes. This attraction is as a result of tremendous impacts derive from it and the efficiency of usage. Some of these are:
1. It is fast; quick response, as it works in a nano second.
2. It stores huge amount of data because it has high storage of encoding information. It contains more storage capacity in comparison to barcode and used by any direction angle as against barcode usage.
3. It is use anywhere
4. Its application required no specific skill (no special skill or expertise).
5. It is flexible; no complication, no additional technology required, No technical accessories, only require smart phones like Android phones, iphone with proper internet connection.
6. Details used anytime, anywhere by anyone, and
7. Increased customers satisfaction
8. It is freely available.
9. Safety granted because it has damage resistance and can recover data in the event of lost or damage; it can easily restore data and detect error correctly.
10. QR code enhances mobile learning; it is a technology-based library services that facilitates mobile learning. The QR Codes can be fixed or pasted on any flat surface in the Library like Printed handouts, shelf ends, WebOPAC Desk, Reference Desk, Magazine racks, etc, and information accessed easily.
4.8.4 Functions of the QR Codes
QR codes are superb in performing many functions. Some of these functions culled from Adebayo (2013) are:
1. Encode phone numbers, text messages, commands and phone data.
2. Prompt to direct to open a URL
3. Bookmark a site link • Prompt to form a call from mobile
4. Prompt to send a SMS from mobile
5. Prompt to begin an email
6. Send a vCard
7. Store a date in your calendar (to schedule an appointment)
8. Return text
9. Encryption
10. Record geographic coordinates some of the QR Codes designed to offer multiple functions from advanced smart phones.
4.8.5 How TO Operate QR CODES
To operate QR code is simple; it is short and straight forward. Information may be encoded into a QR code by QR Code generator. Some of QR Code generators available online and are listed ahead. Data may be easily encoded in to QR codes by using any freely available QR code generators. To do this, enter the information to be encoded in to the sphere provided by generators. QR code generators may ask you to enter data to data fields available, encode the data. Once the data have been crammed by information fields in correct format, QR code generator generates QR code for the data in image format (JPEG, BMP, and PNG etc.). This could be used directly on internet or mails in e-format or revealed in Print format. By using QR code generating sites or apps, users can generate and print their own QR codes for others to scan and use.
However, decoding of QR codes may be done by online QR code decoders associated with any internet enabled good phone that has QR code Reader software package program pre-installed or downloaded from varied sites freely available on internet. QR codes may be decoded with online decoder the likes of; MiniQR, on-line Barcode Reader, ZXing Decoder on-line, Saint Patrick Wied QR Generator, QR Code Generator and Recovery. QR codes can also be decoded with good phone’s camera by scanning with image capture and then pre-installed QR code reader decodes the QR code and displays content as text or uniform resource locator format. Moreover, QR codes trigger mobile device navigate to an internet page actions like dial variety, send SMS, Save Reminders, and save variety to phone book, and many more. Some common functions of QR Code were previously itemised in the heading above this.
4.8.6 How to Generate a Code
Several QR code generators abound. Some of these are listed below:
MyQR (http://myqr.co/)
GoQR.me (http://goqr.me)
QR Stuff (http://www.qrstuff.com)
Kaywa (http://qrcode.kaywa.com/)
QRMobilize (http://qrmobilize.com)
BeQRious (http://www.beqrious.com/qrcode/create)
Bosqweb (http://www.bosqweb.net/en/QR-code-generator)
QReate & Track (http://app.qreateandtrack.com/#/create/event)
Quickmark (http://www.quickmark.com.tw/En/qrcode-datamatrix-generator/)
QR Code and 2D Code Generator by Kerem Erkan (http://keremerkan.net/qr-code-and-2d-code-generator/).
4.8.7 How to Acquire QR Code Readers
Acquisition of quick response codes is made simple. Most of the modern day Smart mobile phones available in market come with pre-installed QR Code readers. Nevertheless, one can download the QR Reader software from various online service providers freely. Although some may require registration before permission to download but here is the list of some QR Code reader software available on web for free to download:
BeeTagg (http://get.beetagg.com/)
UpCode (http://www.upcode.mobi/)
MobileTag (http://m.mobiletag.com/)
Lynkee Reader (http://m.lynkee.com/)
NeoReader (http://get.neoreader.com/)
ScanLife (http://www.getscanlife.com/)
i-nigma Reader(http://www.i-nigma.mobi/)
KAYWA Reader (http://reader.kaywa.com/)
SnapMaze (http://mobile.snapmaze.com/jar/)
QuickMark (http://www.quickmark.com.tw/En/basic/downloadMain.asp)
4.8.8 Application of QR Code in Libraries: Virtues & Value
Quick Response Code (QR) is an advantageous technology which converts needs of information from physical to virtual mode within a second. It is a comfortable and efficient way to go through a variety of information in any direction. It can effectively provide appropriate context and location to the users. Application of Quick Response codes in many fields other than initial factory is fast growing across the world. From commercial tracking to store product labeling, entertainment, library & information services, and in applications aimed at smartphone use. Users of smartphone may open URL and receive text after scanning QR codes.
QR code as a new technology trend, it application in library and information service delivery is necessary, especially to the its' platform that generate an opportunity to leverage the way people access right information in a fast way, anywhere and anytime.
QR code operates in a nano second which fulfills Ranganthan’s fourth law 'save the time of the reader'. According to Adebayo (20??) to fulfil this law of Ranganthan, library professionals need to go through some advancement of technology to improve the services of library, the quality and the way to provide it is so necessary to adopt new applications. And that, 'already various technology applied in strengthen the serviceability of library activity, QR Code is one of them'. QR Reader application allows one to access some pre-written content such as a web site address, email address, details of things within the catalogue, phone numbers etc, which is a plus library and information service delivery.
The present-day libraries need to be upgraded with new technologies so as to cope with modern techniques of informing users. Moreover, online catalogues to be supported with these new generation interfaces to reach the expectation of Mobile-Tech savvy library users in the mordern day. QR codes can be most effectively use to know more about the book from library before check-out by using the smart phone to scan the QR code to read Book review and rating by other readers on publisher sites. In addition to this, what is considered as “Cool Stuff” by modern day advertisers and consumers with the use of QR codes is also attainable with the application of QR codes in libraries especially in intimating users’ available resources and services. Advertising of library resources and services is essential to create the awareness amongst the library users. Lack of informing the library users may make users not aware of the existence of the library resources and services, likewise non use of the resources and services, and overall law or non patronage of the library. In spite of all these, quick response codes can be used by the libraries to:
Ø Promote library & information resources, services and activities,
Ø Create needs for information and satisfaction of the needs,
Ø Improve information dissemination,
Ø Effectively connect with user community, and
Ø Manage information explosion.
4.8.9 The Technology of QR Code in Libraries
Quick Response (QR) code is a new technology manifesting in the libraries. There are several applications to use QR code in library and information science. It is one such technology to which caters for the user requirements of providing access to resources through mobile phones and other portable devices. According to Adebayo (2013) in recent times many educational institutions are willing to apply this technology and some has already used. The attraction is as a result of factual features of QR codes beneficial to library services. These are highlight of some features of QR Code which are beneficial for library services culled from Adebayo (20??):
➢ Library Websites: now a day it is very difficult to remember having different URL’s for different purposes. So, one has to create and scan QR Code that will automatically access to your mobile, and then even if it is changes later on URL of the library website, it is automatically reads to the new one without changing of QR Code
➢ Multi URLs: This can be used for URL of different purposes very prominently that link to the main websites and access more advanced information.
➢ Library Contact: Applying this QR Code technology one can easily go through the direct contact of any particular library where they get email, phone no, address and their website. ➢ Full text databases: It can be possible by using QR Code, just to scan it and accordingly what you need, you receive it without any hindrance.
➢ Scan & download article file: If one can find or want any particular article, request librarian to send only one QR Code, you will receive full text article in your mobile.
➢ Bibliographic databases: According to the availability of resources, if any user asks for databases, they can just conveniently scan QR Code and undoubtedly get direct link to databases. It will easily come to your mobile.
➢ E-books: In addition to physical books, e-books can be accessed on mobile phone using QR Code. It will display in the devices which are subscribed by respective education institution, just to scan it, read and download it.
➢ E- Text book: If any users want to browse text book which are available, just go through the particular hyperlink, whatever they choose, interest it just scans the code read & download it.
➢ E-Thesis: /E-dissertations: QR Code has the ability to access additional link for thesis and dissertations according to their user needs.
➢ Old Question Paper & study material: The list of Question paper and study material on user mobile phone, it will display to mobile devices.
➢ Library handbook: One can automatically download the pdf file, which can be accessed from home also by using QR Code.
➢ Library Catalogue: By linking QR Code to the catalogue records, users can easily get the information regarding the particular item including call number, location etc.
➢ Scan to mail: With QR code it is very easy to send mail to librarian without typing any e-mail address in any service provider, just simply put on to composed and send it & to avoid tedious task.
➢ Event QR Code: It helps in promoting an event which will automatically press on to the leaflet, broachers of library event. It will come to mobile very enticingly without spending any money.
➢ FB Pages: There is no need to instruct the users for go different steps to and access the facebook page. So simply scan with QR Code and it will take you to the institutional pages directly and log in easily.
➢ Twitter: If any user scan QR Code through twitter, that code automatically concede to find someone and follow each other.
➢ Social Blog: social blog allows users to leveraging the key information followed by someone’s blog and customize the profile of users.
➢ SMS Reference: Ask a librarian is basically SMS service is offering mobile patrons the ability to text their questions to librarian in real time manners.
➢ Mobile number: It is the better way that the librarian can create a QR Code with mobile no. So, whoever wants to talk they can scan it and automatically receive the particular mobile no.
➢ Web Opac: If you provide a particular QR Code for opening OPAC of library, connecting to the Web Opac become easy
➢ Video Library: If any institution can create a video by themselves, also make YouTube playlist video and a code with embedded with QR Code technology then any individuals can access it accordingly their purposes and saved it for later also.
➢ Book Contents: Visibility of content of a particular book is one of the innovative features.
➢ Author’s profile: If a book is written by 3/4/5 authors then it is very difficult to write profile of such authors on to the small place but it is a easy to add comprehensive information link to brief bio data, authors profile etc through mobile code.
➢ Call out: If any user needs particular paragraph, theme, pictures, table from such library exhibitions, encyclopaedia, other resources or that type of theme of information there is no need to open the particular website, by scan with QR Code it can easily acquire it read & download it and store for future purposes.
➢ Library Exhibition: Users can receive update information regarding library exhibition.
➢ Study Room Reservation:
➢ Library collection
➢ Journal Website Link:
➢ Print Journal/ article:
➢ Shelf Ends
4.8.10 The need for Quick Response (QR) Codes Application in Nigeria Libraries
Application of Quick Response codes in many fields other than initial factory services meant is fast growing across the world. From commercial tracking to store product labeling, entertainment, library & information services, and in applications aimed at smartphone use. The popularity of QR codes in information seeking is also growing rapidly in world businesses and world libraries. Nigeria libraries shouldn't be exceptional. Nowadays, mobile phones with built-in camera are widely used to recognize the QR Codes. This attraction is as a result of tremendous impacts derive from it usage and the efficiency of usage which Nigeria libraries need to avail their users.
Quick Response Code (QR) codes are superb in performing many functions advantageous to information accessing. QR code is an advantageous technology which converts needs of information from physical to virtual mode within a second. It is a comfortable and efficient way to go through a variety of information in any direction. It can effectively provide appropriate context and location to the users.
QR code as a new technology trend, its application in library and information service delivery is necessary, especially to its' platform that generate an opportunity to leverage the way people access right information in a fast way, anywhere and anytime. QR code operates in a nano second which fulfills Ranganthan’s fourth law 'save the time of the reader'. According to Adebayo (20??) to fulfil this law of Ranganthan, library professionals need to go through some advancement of technology to improve the services of library, the quality and the way to provide it is so necessary to adopt new applications. And that, 'already various technology applied in strengthen the serviceability of library activity, QR Code is one of them'.
Nigeria with of a population of over two hundred million and over eighty million smartphone users stand a good chance of leveraging the technology of QR codes in quick access to information. Moreover, majority numbers of smartphone users belongs to learned society that directly or indirectly deploy the services of libraries in their locations; hence they are part of user community of the Nigeria libraries. Therefore, the need for Nigeria libraries to seek ways to explore the various possibilities to reach these modern days’ tech savvy library users, and this should be a matter of urgency. Nigeria ibraries must change their marketing techniques according to their changing user community. Nigria libraries need these QR codes to market its products and services; to develop as information dissemination tool and a feedback mechanism that is free of cost, efficient and simple. Although the idea of marketing library products and services is not new, but marketing through QR codes will be a new and funfilled activity to the user community as well as for library professionals. Application of the QR code in library marketing will help to improve services for users and will enhance the reputation of library and information services and professionals. The current trend across the world libraries is leveraging of QR codes in information dissemination and Nigeria libraries should not be exceptional. They should make rigorous effort towards applying QR code in library services and application of other technologies fast coming.
Today QR code technology is in the early stage and will take some time to grasp the world to shift as a whole to the digital world. As internet has become a part of everybody live in the same way QR code will also become a necessity to access any particular information. Nigeria libraries should take a step to implement it in various areas and encourage their users to go through it as it is implemented to make users lives easier. QR code offers new ways for communicating and exchanging of information and knowledge with the help of ICT tools, and it is affecting revolutionary steps to changing the way information stored, retrieved and disseminated. Nigeria libraries must seek ways for automating their activities, creating dynamic website with useful features context and easily accessible links. Although Nigeria libraries are striving hard to cater the information needs of thier patrons but they must intensify effort in providing point of need assistance with just-in-time virtual and physical spaces. In this connection, QR code is a new technology which helps libraries to affordably connect its patron by context-sensitive without visually assaulting them. QR technology has the potential to connect patrons to information about its materials and services. It is free and easy to use as well as embed many types of media. Once a code written, the appearance ca also be chaged to include a picture or logo within the QR code. The usage of library sites are increased as the user don’t need to type long URLs. All over the world the use of quick response (QR) codes in libraries is till developing, and this shall evolve with a varied and vast feature. According to MacLeod (2022) there have been effectively use of QR codes in libraries in Braitian, America, Asiato and other part of world to deliver information appropriate to the context and location of the user. Library exhibits that include a QR code link to songs, videos, Web sites, surveys, contests, etc. Codes in the library stacks/end caps or magazine/journal areas that point to online electronic holdings of print materials or related subject guides. Some of the important activities QR codes are applied in libraries related by Adebayo (2013) are as follows:
· Link to website
· Link to library e- resources
· Easy access to previous year question papers
· Library Audio Tour
· Group study room scheduler
· Marketing /promotional material
· Linking from print to electronic journals holdings
· Providing an electronic alternative to physical books
· Promoting online audio-visual materials
· Embedding video help
· Bringing external resources into library
· Finding appropriate help
· Taking the catalogue record with you
· Seat reservations, and
· Wi-fi proper utilization
Furthermore, benefits of QR code applications to library services are some motivational factors that would pull libraries and Nigeria libraries in particular. Some of these benefits include; ability to access Information quickly, user friendly, user participation, personalized service, time savings, location awareness, and above all, imitless access.
Conclusively, it is obvious that the present day’s world barcode have become quite trendy because of their speed, accuracy and functionality. It is convenient and gaining popularity among users. Because of the gaining importance and popularity of QR code, its implementation to libraries is absolutely necessary. It is a modern technology that helps every reader to get the needed information. If libraries value their relevance as the gate way to information, they needed to be flexible in changing and adapting new technologies in their activities and services to create value added services and meet users needs. Certainly, QR code technology is easy to implement, free to use and growing in popularity. Incorporating it in to library services offers users a more interactive learning experience.
4.9 Bing-Chatbot & Applicability to Library & Information Services
*
HighLights:
« The Bing-Chatbot
« How to use Bing-Chatbot
« How to use Bing-Chatbot for Literature Review
« Application of Bing-Chatbotl to libraries services
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4.9.1 Introduction
In the IT world and as the world becames more complex and interconnected, the demand for new technologies that assist in accomplishment of tasks increases. In academic circles, educators, researchers and students always seeking for easy and better ways of accomplishing tasks, and this is achieved through the use of appropriate technology that facilitate job execution. One of the most critical exercises executed in academic circle is research. In the academic world, educators and researchers are always seeking ways to improve their research, writing, and critical thinking skills. One tool that can assist in this exercise is the Bing-Chatbot.
4.9.2 The Tool 'BING-CHATBOT'
Bing-Chatbot is a conversational Artificial Intelligence tool that uses natural language processing to answer queries and provide information. It answers queries presented to it and provide users with information required with it. The use of Bing-Chatbot tool is an efficient and fun way to get quick answers to questions without having to do extensive research in finding answers to the questions or roving for the answers. Bing-Chatbot is a fascinating tool that help in accomplishing literature review in research. Libraries can use the tool to assist researchers in accomplishing literature review. Researchers turn to the libraries with the tedious task of finding literature sources to be review for new research, Bing-Chatbot is a tool that can be deployed to easily accomplish this task. It is an ultimate tool for accelerating literature review process. According to Abdulhamid (2023):
In today's fast-paced academic world, researchers are constantly seeking innovative way to optimize their workflow and produce high-quality research in the shortest time possible. One of the key challenges in conducting research is performing a comprehensive literature review. This process can be time consuming and daunting, especially when dealing with many sources. However, with the advent of modern technology, such as Bing-Chatbot, this process can now be streamlined and simplified.
4.9.3 How to use BING-CHATBOT
To use Bing-Chatbot is easy and fascinating. In a simple way, here step-by-step descriptive guide on how to get started with Bing-Chatbot:
· Create a Microsoft Account to get started
The use of Bing-Chatbot for the Bigginers that have no existing Microsoft account such as Hotmail or Outlook is to create an account. To create an account goes to any of these websites; www.hotmail.com or www.outlook.com.
· Download Edge-Browser on device
The use of Bing-Chatbot required Edge-Browser. Thus, to use Bing-Chatbot, one must first install the Edge browser on the device to be used. To do this, go to https://www.Microsoft.com/en-us/edge/download and download the appropriate version for the device. Strictly follow the instructions to install the browser.
· Sign in with the Microsoft Account to access features of Bing-Chatbot
Once the Edge-browser installed Singh in with the Microsoft account. To do this, click 'Singh in' button on top of the right corner of the page, and this will allow access to all features of Bing-Chatbot.
· Click on 'Chat' to open the Bing-Chatbot interface
When one has Sign in, 'Chat' button shall sight on top of the right corner of the page, click on that to open the Bing-Chatbot interface.
· Choose a tone to use for the query/conversations
When the Bing-Chatbot interface opened, one can choose the tone to use for the query or conversations at his liberty. Bing-Chatbot has three modes and they are;
1. More Creative: This mode is creative; more imaginative, entertaining, and engaging. But for the fact that it is creative, accuracy or logic may be fufeited for creativity which is a short. However, this mode can generate content such as poems, stories, images, etc.
2. More Balanced: Unlike more creative mode, more balanced mode balances accuracy and creativity thereby providing informative and interesting responses with degree of accuracy. Thus, it is the default mode of for Bing-Chatbot.
3. More Precise: This is more factual, logical, and concise. More Precise mode concentrates on accurate and relevant provision of information without embellishing (beautification) or digressing (out of point) but less engaging and entertaining than other modes aforementioned.
The selection of the tone is guided by suitability of the tone to the needs, thus, users can choose the tone that best suits their needs of getting quick answers to their questions. Bing-Chatbot is an ally to finding quick answers to questions, and an ultimate tool for accelerating literature review when conducting research. It can be used to summarise research papers or reports easily, quickly, and smartly.
4.9.4 How to use BING-CHATBOT for Literature Review
Before getting sterted with the use of Bing-Chatbot for literature review, the user should have a good grasp of the basics and techniques of getting started with the platform. When this is assured, the steps below can be followed in making review of the literature using Bing-Chatbot:
· Create Literature Review Matrix using an Excel or Google sheet
The beginning of the use of Bing-Chatbot for literature review is to create literature review matrix using an Excel or Google sheet to document the input receive from the chartbot. The following headings be included in the matrix; authors, title, publication type (journal, conference), name of the journal/conference, year, purpose, argument and perspectives, methodology, potential bias and limitations of the method, findings, research landscape, implications, gaps, strengths and limitations, recommendations, and reflections (Abdulhamid, 2023). The use of matrix approach helps in identifying, organising, and analysing literature relevant to research topic. It also helps in the evaluation of sources and determine contribution to the field.
· Download or open the research paper
Having the matrix in place, download or open the research paper and summarise it. There are two ways to do that. You either download the PDF copy of the paper or opening the paper directly from the web but ensure having full access to the paper or open it on the Edge browser.
· Open Bing-Chatbot by clicking on the 'Chat' icon
Open Bing-Chatbot to summarise the paper. To open Bing-Chatbot, click on the 'Chat' icon on top of the page at the right corner. The Chatbot will open alongside the research paper.
· Use Bing-Chatbot to summarise information
Ask the Bing-Chatbot to summarise information in this way:
"Can you please create a table that includes the authors, title, publication type (journal, conference), name of the journal/conference, and year for the document that is currently opened on Edge browser?" than wait for the response. As it responded, quickly go to the next level below.
· Transfer content to the matrix
Use the copy button to transfer the summarised information to the Excel or Google Sheet created earlier and move to the next level to obtain more refined feedback.
· Ask Bing-Chatbot more nuanced questions
In an effort of obtaining more refined feedback from the Bing-Chatbot, ask the following questions in this order:
§ What is the research question or problem that this study aims to address?
§ What are the main arguments and perspectives in literature related to this topic?
§ How does study contribute to the existing literature?
§ What is the methodology used by the author to conduct the research?
§ Are there any potential bases or limitations in the study's design or data collection?
§ What are the key findings of the research?
§ What are the strengths and limitations of studying?
§ How does this study fit into broader research landscape on this topic?
§ What are the gaps and areas for feature research that the study highlights?
§ How does this study relate to my own research interests and questions?
* Culled from Abdulhamid (2023).
When these are done, copy the input provided by Bing-Chatbot and captured into the corresponding heading box of the Matrix table created earlier. At this point, one is done with summarising key points of the paper. For other papers, follow the same pattern to review them.
4.9.5 Application of Bing-Chatbot To Libraries Services
From what have been said so far, it is evident that Bing-Chatbot is one of the useful tools for facilitating research because it is a useful tool for streamlining literature review process. Leveraging modern technology such as Bing-Chatbot, researchers can optimise workflow and produce high-quality research within a short period. However, As libraries are partners in academic exercises, particularly in conducting researches, and most especially literature reviews, libraries also need to leverage QR technology to support the researchers turning up to them.
Issues of innovations are in frontier in library & information service delivery. Libraries look for trending technologies applicable to them to improve services that drawn attention of patrons. Libraries of today are innovative and are fast in tracking new technologies. One top computer technology related to the library and libraries should imbibe and adopt to improve service delivery is QR codes. This technology is named QR (Quick Response) because it link users with information required quickly, similar to the prctices in the libraries Quick Response code are not specifically meant for the libraries but in the same dirrection with the libraries. It would be of wise decision libraries familiar with it and apply it to more uses in satisfying users.
4.10 Blended Learning and the Library & Information Services
*
HighLights:
« Blended learning Concept
« The Impacts of Blended Learning
« Review of the use of Blended Learning
« Digital Library Services and Blended Learning Support: An Empirical Study of Libraries of Niger State - Nigeria.
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4.10.1 Blended learning Concept
Blended learning is an emerging concept, an interactive learning experience, and a trend in the circle of knowledge seeking (education) which involves libraries. Indeed, libraries are part of the stakeholders in education and should be involve in the affairs of education. Blended Learning is currently major concern in most institutions and a concern in the libraries. It is in forefront in most institutions across the world and the libraries also playing vital role in this direction. In Nigeria, recent conferences of library bodies captured issues of blended learning. Specifically, the 2022 conference of NLA River state chapter captured it among sub-themes of the conference and got attention of librarians across the country. The writer also participated in the conference and presented a paper that is forwarded below the chapter.
Blended learning has emerged as the latest educational programme making impact in present day classroom teachings. At all levels of education, primary, secondary and tertiary, blended learning is used to bring the digital world and in-class teaching together. Blended learning signifies the use of technology, especially information technology, in support of classroom teachings. According to William (2019) blended learning uses technology to combine in-class and ou-of-class learning, maximising the educational impact for students as a result.
4.10.2 The Impacts of Blended Learning
The tremendous impacts of blended learning are gradually known to educationists as acceptability of blended learning by educationists keeps rising. Blended learning while retaining the traditional student-teacher format breaks the 'one-way conventional teaching format' to 'multiple formats', the combination of conventional and nonconventional (virtuality). It has taken education beyond the physical classroom and allowing students to learn at their pace, anytime, anywhere.
Blended learning has redefined the role of the educators (instructors and supporters in learning exercise), offering those more flexible delivery options, depending on need and capabilities of the learners. This trend, according to William (2019) means educators can focus on student understanding, rather than the delivery method itself.
Long ago, learning out of classroom is an exercise always encouraged; actualisation of this is more and better now with the advent of digital technology. The recent explosion in digital technology opens doors for engaging learners and this means that teaching can now be far more engaging.
Jeff Rubenstein, the VP Product-Learnig & Collaboration Video Solution Company, Kaltura, speaking on how blended learning is used in and out of present day's classrooms said:
Generally speaking, in schools, more and more of the content delivery is being done via rich media and often on personal devices. In universities, students are contributing more content of their own, both for collaborating with each other for doing projects, and for assessment purposes. As so much of modern work is now digital, it's increasingly important that students learn how to be digital creators.
The benefit of combining traditional teaching and technology is enormous. It is used to meet the preferred and appropriate learning style of learners as well as supporting instructors (teachers). Technology if well used, maximise physical contact (face-to-face) of teachers with students (instructors with learners) and help them to design programmes or courses that allow more flexible delivery with the use of media. Ultimately, teaching/learning is facilitating when technology used to support it, and that help learners assimilate lesson quickly. Technology is an ally that truly enhances learning for ultimate benefit of students so long as instructors choose to adopt it in teaching process. Flipped classrooms, where students are giving the opportunities of watching lecture films before real classroom participation is quite example of blended learning technique that could be practice as motivational factor to learning. But ahead of this, and in the interest of real practice of blended learning, highly relational-oriented programmes be offered online and offline to support learning. Learners should be empowered with the use of digital tools because they are beneficial to learners. Specifically, tremendous benefits attachés blended learning. In the Spectator Index (@spectatorindex), ten benefits itemised as the drivers of blended learning, they are;
1. Improve ability to personalise learning
2. Potential for individual progress
3. Improve student engagement and motivation
4. Shift to online stresources starting in 2015
5. Need to ended time and stretch resources
6. Potential to ended the reach of effective teachers
7. Ability to improve working conditions
8. Decrease device costs
9. Student & parent adoption of apps
10. Interest in narrowing the digital divide.
4.10.3 Review of The Use Of Blended Learning
Blended learning is a global practice. Far before the practices of blended learning in Nigeria other countries especially UK, USA and Chaina have started it and gone far. In these countries blended learning proved positive. Use of blended learning in universities and major institutions in these countries is at th top gear.
In UK, the University of West of England (UWE) has been rolling out blended learning across a range of courses. Narrating the story of the university on the use of online environment to enhance learning the head of Digital Learning at University, Manuel Frutos-Perez said:
Students enhance their work-based skills during on-the-job training, which is based on the appropriate professional competencies. The work-based training is augmented with blended learning to ensure understanding and to enable students to apply this knowledge in practice.
Interactive online learning resources and live remote lectures are obtainable in this university.
The University of Derby is also another institution leading way in the practices of blended learning. Lecturers in this university use blended learning to engage their students especially of postgraduates. One of the lectures, Dan Williams, an acting programme leader for the Post-14 PGCE at the university, uses blended learning as part of his course. Sharing experiences of the use of blended learning to benefit learning outcome of students, he said:
I modelled the blended (blended learning) approach to trainees by taking them to work in pairs on an 'applied' activity, whereby they analysed a range of technologies to determine the potential effectiveness of each in their own context. This involved the completion of a Google document, whereby each learner could critique peer examples and suggest ways in which the theory might be better applied to support learners.
Coventry University is also doing well in blended learning application. At the university, Advance Manufacturing & Engineering (AME), an organisation that was set up as collaboration between the university and a manufacturing company (Unipart) to inspire the up-coming generation of egineers, uses blended learning approach to address some issues in preparing students for employability. On this matter, the Director of this organisation, Carl Perrin, comments:
Graduate engineers were just not industry-ready and that was causing a big issue for employers. The answer was a blended-learning approach whereby our graduates would do 30% theory in the classroom using digital technology, with the rest of the time spent on applying the knowledge they were gaining direct on to practical situations.
We believe that when AME students leave us they are one year ahead of their peers, despite studying for the same length of time.
In another narration on the uses of blended learning and support to education, Rishi Kumar, Recruitment Director of GISMA Business School shares his thoughts:
Many universities all over the world have started providing access to online resources and reading materials online where students do not even have to physically attend the school. Personally, I have taken many online courses and the key benefit is the flexibility and the ability to learn at your own speed. The fact that you do not need to be physically present and yet, you could graduate with a 1st class degree from a top university in the UK, Australia or USA shows the influence of technology on education and this influence will only grow in due time.
A blended learning practice in Nigeria is also commendable. Nigeria Universities and other institutions and organisations in Nigeria are not left out in this drive.
One major thing that booted the acceptance of blended learning in most part of the world and Nigeria in particular is the outbreak of corunavirus (covid-19) in 2019. At the event of covid-19, most institutions and outfits were closed down. Educational institutes came to adopt information technology gadget to reach out. And when these institutes where reopened aftermath of covid-19 there were continuation of online classes. This was supported by the libraries. Although libraries long a go and before the issue of covid-19, involve in online services but it was intensified at the moment of covid to support institutions in reaching out to the students. It is believed that this was the factor that made than library conferences to captured issues of blended learning.
Covid-19 resulted to the non-intake (non-admitting) of the students in most institutions in Nigeria and combination of sets of admission at the later years. This caused overpopulation of in-take students in institutions, and majority of the institutions partially going by online teaching - a blended learning. Libraries in these institutions made efforts and still making efforts in supporting this action.
In support of blended learning many recent library conferences captured issues of blended learning. This was to deploy more ways of bettering support services to blended learning. Specifically, the 2022 conference of NLA River state chapter was an eye-saw. The conference captured blended learning support services amongst important sub-themes and got serious attention of librarians across the country. The writer also participated in the conference and presented a paper that is forwarded below.
4.10.4 Digital Library Services and Blended Learning Support: An Empirical Study of Libraries of State Tertiary Institutions in Niger State – Nigeria
4.10.4.1 Abstract
State owned tertiary institutions in Niger state’s libraries began to use ICTs in the early 2000s. As at that time there was little progress in the use of ICT in those libraries. But today there has been considerable progress particularly in three famous state institutions, viz; Niger state College of Education, Minna, Niger State Polytechnic, Zungeru and Niger State College of Agriculture, Mokwa which are the main concern of this study. The purpose was to determine the provision of Digital Library Services and Blended Learning Supports in these libraries and to discover major constraints faced and to proffer solutions to overcome such constraints. Thus, eight research questions guided the study, while a descriptive survey research design was employed. A population of 30 librarians was used through simple random sampling. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The data collected was analyzed and presented in frequency table with proportion (ratio or percentage) of each institutional library highlighted. However, the findings revealed that most libraries in these institutions use computers as stand-alone devices whose applications are confined to bibliographic database maintenance and word processing. While some have an online connection and are providing external resource sharing on a limited scale. Most libraries use CDS/ISIS software to create bibliographic databases, and for acquisitions, cataloguing, and serials control. Although there was remarkable progress to the provision of digital services in most libraries, but some of the services are inconsistent. A number of problems contributed to this, they include; lack of adequate financial support, long-term planning, and absence of local resources among others. Thus, the paper recommended for provision of adequate fund and infrastructure, long-term planning for digital services provision, and full support for local resources development.
Keywords: Digital library service blended learning, Niger state.
4.10.4.2 Introduction
Digital Library Services and Blended Learning Support is the boner in most institutions across the world and Nigeria libraries also playing vital role in this direction. Niger state in Nigeria, it owned tertiary institutions’ libraries began to use ICTs in the early 2000s. As at that time there was little progress in the use of ICT in those libraries. But today there has been considerable progress particularly in three famous state institutions, viz; Niger state College of Education, Minna, Niger State Polytechnic, Zungeru and Niger State College of Agriculture, Mokwa which are the main concern of this study. The accelerated adoption and use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has resulted in the globalization of information and knowledge resources. Bibliographic databases, full-text documents, and digital library collections are always available to users. This development cannot be said without hurdles, either technical or human factor, particularly in Niger state. Various similar studies before this, lamented different challenges to the use of ICT particularly in the libraries. Bangladesh is one of the few countries of the world which began to adopt information technologies in 1964, but today it is still faced with numbers of challenges. The recent study carried out by Nazmu and Shiyi (2022) discovered a number of problems to the application and use of ICT in the libraries of Bangladesh which include lack of skilled manpower, shared initiatives, financial support, infrastructure, and administrative barriers. In another study carried out on ICT utilization of public libraries of Niger Republic it was noted that lack of knowledge of technological developments has created a significant barrier to the installation or development of ICT facilities in the libraries. That, most library professionals in these libraries do not have adequate knowledge regarding computer applications and automation, a situation that hinders utilization of ICT in the area [3].
Back home – Nigeria, the studies of Zurka (2021) on utilization of ICT in academic libraries of tertiary institutions in north-central states reported inadequate financial support as major impediment that made application of ICT more difficult, and that this bows down to poor infrastructures and breakage in service provision. Moreover, the research carried out by Hamza (2021) established a number of challenges to the use of ICT in Kebbi state which include; failure to provide plans for ICT utilization, reluctance of library personnel to accept new technologies, in-adequate funding and infrastructures. In Niger state, the problem of ITC utilization is much more acute in public libraries than academic libraries. This was noted by Ismail (2020) in the research conducted on application of ICT in selected libraries in Niger state. The research discovered inadequate physical facilities, telecommunications infrastructure, and interrupted power supply as major impediments to the application and use ICT in selected libraries. Although, the research noted acceleration and good usage of ICT in digital service provision in academic libraries of tertiary institutions of Niger state but this includes both state and federal institutional libraries. However, this dramatic event in Niger state call for scientific study of the situation especially in state owned tertiary institutional libraries where use of ICT is on top gear in order to ascertain the level of progress made in the utilization of ICT for provision of digital library services and blended learning supports in these libraries and to discover major constraints faced and to proffer solutions to overcome such constraints. These libraries include Niger state College of Education, Minna library, Niger State Polytechnic, Zungeru library and Niger State College of Agriculture, Mokwa library. The choice of the area was motivated as a matter of fact that a similar study in the area has not been carried out at this particular period as it was done in other areas of Nigeria. More so, the researcher is already familiar with the area and would find it easy to access the chosen respondents.
4.10.4.3 Purpose of the study
The purpose of this study was to determine the provision of digital library services and blended learning supports in the state owned tertiary institution libraries in Niger state and to discover major constraints faced and to proffer solutions to the constraints. Specifically, the research was to identify;
§ Types of ICT resources used in providing digital library services and blended learning support in the state-owned tertiary institution libraries in Niger state
§ Number of Records in Database in the libraries
§ Library Software used in the libraries
§ Internet Access Technologies in the libraries
§ Digital Library-Based Activities performed in the libraries
§ Digital Library-Based Services offer in the libraries
§ Challenges to the provision of digital library services and blended learning support in the libraries, and
§ Strategies for improving provision of digital library services and blended learning support in the libraries.
4.10.4.4. Research Questions
1. What type of ICT Resources used in providing digital library services and blended learning support in the state owned tertiary institution libraries in Niger state?
2. What number of Records in Database in the libraries?
3. What type of Library Software used in the libraries?
4. What type of Internet Access Technologies used in the libraries?
5. What type of Digital Library-Based Activities Performed in the libraries?
6. What type of Digital Library-Based Services offer in the libraries?
7. What are the challenges to the provision of digital library services and blended learning support in the libraries?
8. What are the strategies for improving provision of digital library services and blended learning support in the libraries?
4.10.4.5 Methodology
Descriptive survey research design was used in conducting this research. In descriptive research, data are usually collected, organized, and analyzed and then described as they exist (natural setting) without interfering with them. Therefore, the design was deemed fit for the study as the study was to describe the real situation with regard to the use of ICT in provision of digital library services and blended learning supports in the state owned tertiary institution libraries in Niger state. More so, the choice of this design was informed by its successful adoption on empirical study of the Use of ICT in Selected libraries in Bangladesh by Nazmu and Shiyi (2022). A population of about 30 librarians was used. Using simple random sampling technique, sample size of 10 librarians from each of institutional library was arrived at. A Structured questionnaire was used for data collection, supplemented with field observation and unstructured interview. These instruments were face validated by three senior researchers in the field of Library and Information Science in the state. The inputs of these experts were incorporated and used for the study. The research instruments were administered by the researchers with the help of three research assistants, one from each institute.
The data collected was analyzed and presented in frequency table with proportion (ratio or percentage) of each state highlighted. Moreover, the additional information obtained through field observation and unstructured interview in the field were narrated in prose substantiating data collected through questionnaire.
4.10.4.6 The Results
4.10.4.6.1 Type of ICT Resources used in the state owned tertiary institution libraries in Niger state
The state owned tertiary institution libraries in Niger state use various types of ICT resources to ensure efficiency of the library activities and to support blended learning. The table below shows the types of ICT resources used in the libraries surveyed.
Table 1: ICT Resources Used in the Libraries
S/N | ICT facilities | Institutional libraries: Niger State College of Education Minna | Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru | Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa |
Total |
1 | Computers (Cps) | 204 | 152 | 118 | 474 |
2 | Cps connected to Internet | 155 | 104 | 43 | 302 |
3 | CD-ROMs | 63 | 61 | 32 | 156 |
4 | Audio Cassettes | 00 | 03 | 00 | 003 |
5 | Video Cassettes | 00 | 00 | 00 | 000 |
6 | Scanners | 02 | 02 | 01 | 05 |
7 | Printers | 03 | 02 | 01 | 06 |
8 | Photocopiers | 02 | 01 | 01 | 04 |
Total per Library | 429 | 325 | 196 | 950 | |
The table above tells that Niger State College of Education Minna library has higher number of ICT resources than others which signifies that it uses more number of ICT resources than others. This is followed by Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru. The library of Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa has lower number of ICT resources among the libraries surveyed which signifies that the library uses less number of ICT resources when compared with other libraries. It would also be learnt that total number of nine hundred and fifty ICT resources are available in all of the libraries surveyed.
4.10.4.6.2 Number of records in database in the state owned tertiary institution libraries in Niger state
The following table reveals the number of database records and its ratio against total library collection.
Table 2: Number of Records in Database in the Libraries
S/N | Library | Institutional libraries: Niger State College of Education Minna | Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru | Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa | Total |
1 | Total library collection (print and non-print) | 742,186 | 706,251 | 135,437 | 1,583,874 |
2 | No. of non-print (Database resources) | 81,650 | 62,414 | 8,122 | 152,186 |
3 | Ratio between total no. of records and no. of records in database | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
In the table two above, it would be learnt that all the surveyed libraries have less number of database records (soft copies of materials) than print materials (hard copies) when the number of database records compared with the total library collection because none of the libraries ratio reached one. Niger State College of Education Minna library still top the list followed by Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru. The library of Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa also has lower number of records in the database than other libraries.
4.10.4.6.3 Types of library software used in the state owned tertiary institution libraries in Niger state
The following table shows the software used by the libraries surveyed:
Table 3: Library Software Used in the Libraries
S/N | Library Software | Institutional libraries: Niger State College of Education Minna | Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru | Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa | Total |
1 | Library Management Software (locally developed) | - | - | - | 00 |
2 | CDS/ISIS (compterised Documentation Services/Integrated Set of Information System) (For indexing journals and newspapers) | √ | √ | - | 02 |
3 | Library MIS (Based upon CDS/ISIS) | √ | - | √ | 02 |
4 | GLAS (Graphical Library Automation System) | - | - | - | 00 |
5 | Alice for windows | √ | √ | √ | 03 |
Total per Library | 03 | 02 | 02 | 07 | |
Note: the dash indicates no response which means not used.
Table three above indicates that only Niger State College of Education Minna library used three different types of software including Alice for windows while others use two. GLAS (Graphical Library Automation System) and locally developed Library Management Software are not used by all libraries but Alice is available in all.
4.10.4.6.4 Internet access technologies used in the state owned tertiary institution libraries in Niger state
Table 4: Internet Technologies Used in the Libraries
S/N | Access points | Institutional libraries: Niger State College of Education Minna | Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru | Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa |
1 | Availability of Internet Infrastructure | √ | √ | √ |
2 | Number of computers (i.e. access points) | 155 | 104 | 43 |
3 | Average users per day | 250 | 170 | 80 |
Ratio between access points and average no. of users | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.53 | |
Table four reflect availability of Internet infrastructure in all the surveyed libraries, and also tells that access points in these libraries are far below the demand of the users because the number of computers (i.e. access points) in all libraries are not up to the average number of users per day. Going by the ratio above, two or more users are to share a point at a time, therefore, lot of users would have to wait - lining up to access for a point.
4.10.4.6.5 Digital library-based activities performed in the state owned tertiary institution libraries in Niger state
Table 5: Digital library-based Activities Performed in the Libraries
S/N | Digital library-based Activities | Institutional libraries: Niger State College of Education Minna | Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru | Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa |
1 | Data Processing | √ | √ | √ |
2 | Communication | √ | √ | √ |
3 | Circulation | √ | - | √ |
4 | Cataloguing | √ | √ | √ |
5 | Bibliography | √ | √ | √ |
6 | Serial control | √ | - | - |
7 | Preparing in house database | √ | √ | - |
Total per Library | 7 | 5 | 5 | |
Note: the dash indicates no response which means not available.
In table five, Niger State College of Education Minna library top the list of the activities performed by computer and related technologies while Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru and Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa libraries have the least in the table. In the table, it is also clear that all libraries use computers for data processing, cataloguing and bibliographic analysis and preparation.
4.10.4.6.6 Digital library-based services offer in the state owned tertiary institution libraries in Niger state
Table 6: Digital library-based Services in the Libraries
S/N | Digital library-based services | Institutional libraries: Niger State College of Education Minna | Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru | Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa |
1 | CD-ROM Searching | √ | - | - |
2 | Online Searching | √ | √ | √ |
3 | Online Networking | √ | √ | √ |
4 | Online Information Service | √ | √ | - |
5 | Online Reservation Service | √ | √ | - |
6 | Database Searching Service | √ | √ | √ |
7 | News Clipping Scanning Service | - | - | - |
8 | Photocopying Service | √ | √ | √ |
Total per Library | 7 | 6 | 4 | |
Note: the dash indicates no response which means not available.
In the table above it would be understood that online networking and information services and database searching service are provided by all libraries while none of the libraries provide News Clipping Scanning Service. Also, photocopying service is available in all libraries while CD-ROM searching available only in Niger State College of Education Minna library. Niger State College of Education Minna library top the list of ICT-based Library Services provided by the surveyed libraries followed by Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru library and Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa library.
4.10.4.6.7 Challenges to the provision of digital library services and blended learning support in the libraries
Table 7: Challenges to the Use of ICT in the Libraries
S/N | Challenges | Institutional libraries: Niger State College of Education Minna | Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru | Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa |
1 | Administrative barriers | √ | √ | - |
2 | Psychological Barriers | - | √ | √ |
3 | Lack of long-term planning | √ | √ | √ |
4 | Lack of E-Resources Selection Policy | - | √ | √ |
5 | Lack of financial support | √ | √ | √ |
6 | Lack of infrastructure | - | - | √ |
7 | Lack of ICT resources | - | √ | √ |
8 | Absence of local resources | √ | √ | √ |
9 | Lack of Networks | - | - | - |
10 | Lack of skilled manpower | - | - | √ |
11 | Lack of shared initiatives | - | √ | √ |
12 | Lack of ICT Training Programs | - | √ | √ |
Total per Library | 4 | 8 | 10 | |
Note: the dash indicates no response which means not agreed.
Table seven indicates the prevalence of the challenges of lack of financial support, long-term planning, and absence of local resources among others as these were agreed by all libraries. The next to these are lack of administrative barriers, psychological barrier, e-resources selection policy, adequate ICT resources, shared initiative, training and retrainings.
From the table, there is indication of the availability of network connectives in all institutions because non of the institutions indicated lack of network connectivity.
4.10.4.6.8 Strategies for improving provision of digital library services and blended learning support in the libraries
Table 8: Strategies for Improving the Use of ICT in the Libraries
S/N | Strategies | Institutional libraries: Niger State College of Education Minna | Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru | Niger State College of Agriculture Mokwa |
1 | Removal of Administrative barriers | √ | √ | √ |
2 | Sensitization on importance of ICT | √ | √ | √ |
3 | Provision of long-term plans on ICT | √ | √ | √ |
4 | Provision of E-Resources Selection Policy | - | √ | √ |
5 | Provision of adequate fund | √ | √ | √ |
6 | Provision of adequate infrastructure | √ | √ | - |
7 | Provision of adequate ICT resources | - | √ | √ |
8 | Provision of local resources | √ | √ | √ |
9 | Provision of Networks | - | √ | - |
10 | Provision of skilled manpower | √ | √ | √ |
11 | Encouraging shared initiatives | √ | √ | √ |
12 | Provision of ICT Training Programs | √ | √ | √ |
Total per Library | 9 | 12 | 10 | |
Note: the dash indicates no response which means not priority.
Table eight above indicates acceptance of all outlined strategies for improving the use of ICT in the libraries except item seven (Provision of network) which is an impression of availability of network connectivities in the area; such is not a problem to them.
1.10.4.7. Discussion
Digital Library Services and Blended Learning Support in state own tertiary institutions of Niger state is quite commendable weighing successes recorded within short period of time. In the recent, there is rapid change in ICT services provision in these libraries. In respect to the types of ICT equipment use in the libraries, the result shows that these libraries use various types of ICT equipment to ensure efficiency of the library activities and provision of support to blended learning. Niger State College of Education Minna has highest number of ICT resources than other libraries which signify that it uses more number of ICT resources in provision of support than other libraries. The library of Niger state College of Agriculture has the lowest number of ICT resources followed by Niger states Polytechnic, Zungeru which signifies that these libraries use less numbers of ICT resources compared to Niger State College of Education Minna library. This finding is inline with the claim of Enagi and Barau (2009) that College of Education, Minna uses more number of ICT resources than other state own institutions.
The state own instiinstitutions use different types of software including GLAS, locally developed software. Most libraries use CDS/ISIS software. This proves Zaradeen (2011) claim that most libraries of developing nations uses CDS/ISIS. With respect to number of records in database, all libraries have less number of records in database compared to the total library collection because none of the libraries ratio reaches one. This intensifies the narration of Tanimu (2017) that till today, number of hardcopies of materials in Niger state libraries surpass the number of soft copies.
Availability of internet infrastructure is not a problem in the libraries. Most of the libraries are connected to net but the number of access points is far below the demand of the users because the numbers of computers used to access data in almost all libraries are not up to the average number of users per day. More number of computers needs to be provided in these libraries to accommodate the needs of the users as internet plays a vital role in libraries. Anthony (2017) buttressed that internet plays vita role in knowledge acquisition and should be freely provided to the citizens.
The activities performed by computer and related technologies in these libraries is generally commendable. This situation may be attributed to increase in the level of awareness of information technology in these areas which is in line with the claim of John (2013) that an increase in ICT awareness make people to increase usage of ICT. However, most libraries use computers for data processing and bibliographic analysis and for creating an in-house database in most cases.
Online information service and database searching service are top ICT services provided by all libraries. All Libraries admitted providing online reservation services. However, a library admitted providing news clipping scanning service. CD-ROM searching, online searching and photocopying services are provided by almost all libraries except few. Niger state Colleges of Education is pioneer institution in creation of bibliographic databases using microcomputers. This was before nowdisclosed in Enagi and Barau (2009). Most libraries, however, use computers as stand-alone devices whose applications are confined to bibliographic database maintenance and word processing. There is no single library that is fully automated. Some libraries are in the initial stages of the automation and networking process. Most libraries have an online connection and are providing external resource sharing on a limited scale. This is inline with Tanimu (2017) that there will be increase in external resource sharing by libraries as they increase efforts towards this.
The challenges admitted facing ICT utilization in the libraries are enormous. Lack of financial support, long-term planning, and absence of local resources among others prevail in the libraries, and this is what was found in the reports of some researches such as Tanimu (2017) and Enagi a d Barau (2009).
Moreover, the acceptance of all outlined strategies for improving the use of ICT in service provision in the libraries is an indication of readiness of these libraries in improving digital services provision.
4.10.4.8. Conclusion
Digital services provision in Niger state tertiary institutions' libraries is gathering momentum there is remarkable progress in the provision of digital services in most libraries, but some of the services are inconsistent. A number of problems contributed to this, they include; lack of adequate financial support, long-term planning, and absence of local resources among others. Therefore, the paper recommends for:
§ Provision of adequate fund and infrastructure for digital service delivery
§ Provision of long-term panning for digital service delivery and
§ Full support for local resources development.
4.10.5 Chapter Summary
This chapter coverscovers:
§ Library Networkings
§ Network Types
§ The Internet/Web
§ Online Storage & Virtual World
§ Database Management Systems (DBMS)
§ Types & values of database systems
§ Brief history of database systems
§ Functions of a DBMS
§ Virtual world: Database sharing
§ The influence of database system on library management
§ Digitalized Knowledge Management and Delivery: The New Innovative Delivery Strategies in Tune with 21st Century Requirements
§ Digital Resources values & applications
§ Digitization in libraries
§ Digitization Developments in Nigeria Libraries
§ New Innovative Delivery Strategies to Digitalized Knowledge
§ Other new technologies applicable in management and delivering digitalized knowledge in libraries
§ Enhancing Library and Information Management through the Use of Social-Media
§ Social-Media
§ Web 2.0 / Library 2.0
§ Essential elements of Library 2.0 suitable to present day libraries
§ Social media tools
§ Use of social Media tools for Enhancing Information dissemination
§ The concept of 4IR
§ Relations of 4IR Technologies with the Libraries
§ The 4IR Potentialities applicable in the Libraries
§ The Challenges of the 4IR application in the Libraries
§ The Prospects of the application of 4IR technologies in the Libraries
§ The Concept of QR codes
§ The Features of QR Codes
§ The Merits of QR Codes
§ The Functions of QR Codes
§ How to operate QR Codes
§ How to generate a code
§ How to acquire QR Code Readers
§ The virtues and values of the application of QR code in libraries
§ The technologies of QR Code in Libraries
§ The need for Quick Response (QR) codes application in Nigeria libraries
§ The concept of Bing-Chatbot
§ How to use Bing-Chatbot
§ How to use Bing-Chatbot for Literature Review
§ Importance of application of Bing-Chatbot to libraries services
§ The Concept of Blended learning
§ The Impacts of Blended Learning
§ The uses of Blended Learning in academic society
§ Key issues in Digital Library Services and Blended Learning Support provision in some tertiary institutions in Nigeria.
4.10.6 Evaluation
Describe the concept of Library Networkings
§ List types of Network
§ Indentify the structure of Internet/Web
§ Give account of online storage and virtual state of accessing information
§ Describe Database Management Systems (DBMS)
§ State types of database systems
§ Enumerate values of database systems
§ Narrate brief history of database systems
§ Express functions of a DBMS
§ Discuss the idea of virtuality in database sharing
§ Outline influences of database system on library management
§ Identify digital resources values & applications
§ Relate digitization developments in Nigeria Libraries
§ Identify new Innovative Delivery Strategies to Digitalized Knowledge
§ Mention social-media tools use in enhancing information delivery and overall library and information management
§ Describe the concept of Web 2.0 / Library 2.0
§ Identify essential elements of Library 2.0 suitable to present day libraries
§ Explain the meaning of 4IR
§ Relate 4IR Technologies with the Libraries
§ State 4IR Potentialities and applicability in the Libraries
§ Enumerate Challenges of the 4IR application in the Libraries
§ Write Prospects of the application of 4IR technologies in the Libraries
§ Explain the Concept of QR codes
§ List the Features of QR Codes
§ Enumerate the merits of QR Codes
§ State the Functions of QR Codes
§ Elucidate steps in using QR Codes
§ List steps in generating a code
§ Explain how to acquire QR Code Readers
§ State the virtues and values of the application of QR code in libraries
§ Itemise the technologies of QR Code in Libraries
§ Explain the need for Quick Response (QR) codes application in Nigeria libraries
§ Describe the Bing-Chatbot
§ Narrate how to use Bing-Chatbot
§ State how to use Bing-Chatbot for Literature Review
§ Draft importance of application of Bing-Chatbot to libraries services
§ Explain Blended learning Concept
§ List the Impacts of Blended Learning
§ Review the use of Blended Learning in academic society
§ Relate key issues in Digital Library Services and Blended Learning Support provision in some tertiary institutions in Nigeria.
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