Chapter Two
Current Trends and Issues of Automation in Library and Information Resources Acquisition Exercise
[Collection Development - Input]
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2.1 Chapter objectives
After reading this chapter readers should be able to:
i. Identify various media resources.
ii. Outline elements of multimedia resources
iii. List steps in multimedia resources selection
iv. State methods of acquiring multimedia resources
v. Mention criteria for selecting multimedia resources.
vi. Categorise library software.
vii. Outline major participants in Library Software Selection
viii. Enumerate library software selection aids.
ix. List procedures for Selecting Library Software
x. Explain the term cryptocurrency.
xi. Identify types of cryptocurrencies
xii. Give account of emerging economy of cryptocurrencies in different nations
xiii. Enumerate values of cryptocurrency usage in collection development in Nigeria libraries
xiv. List type of electronic grey literature resources to be collected and packaged for home (Nigeria) use.
xv. Identify elements to be considered for the collection of electronic grey literature resources for home use.
xvi. Express ways through which electronic grey literature resources should be collected for home use.
xvii. Mention ways through which electronic grey literatureresources should be packaged for home use
2.2 Chapter introduction
In this chapter readers are introduced to:
i. Various media resources
ii. Elements of multimedia resources
iii. Procedures in multimedia resources selection
iv. Criteria for selecting multimedia resources
v. Methods of acquiring multimedia resources
vi. Categories of library software
vii. Participants in Library Software Selection
viii. Library software selection aids
ix. Procedures for Selecting Library Software
x. The concept of cryptocurrency
xi. Types of cryptocurrencies
xii. Account of emerging economy of cryptocurrencies in different nations
xiii. Values of cryptocurrency usage in collection development in Nigeria libraries
xiv. Electronic grey literature resources collection & packaging for home (Nigeria) use
xv. Type of electronic grey literature resources to be collected and packaged for home use
xvi. Elements to be considered for the collection of electronic grey literature resources for home use
xvii. Ways through which electronic grey literature resources should be collected, and
xviii. Ways through which electronic grey literature resources should be packaged for home use.
2.3 Multimedia Resources and Multimedia Selection & Acquisition Exercise
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HighLights:
« Concept of Multimedia
« Genesis of Multimedia
« Elements of Multimedia
« Categories of Media Resources
« Selecting Multimedia Resources
« Criteria for Selecting Multimedia Resources
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In computing, multimedia means using sound, pictures and film in addition to text on a screen or packaged on CD-ROMs to be display and watch on screen. Multimedia is an area of computer science that deals with computer controlled integration of two or more features of audio (sound), visual (graphics, drawings, images,) text, animation, etc to process, present, store, and transmit information digitally. Now a days, multimedia is used in most fields like entertainment, gaming, fashion, advertisements, business, education, science and technology, library, to mentioned a few.
2.3.1. Genesis Of Multimedia
Multimedia did not suddenly appear. The way computers were previously understood has altered as a result of this technology. The first computers were known as specialized tools for mathematical problem-solving, that is, for calculations and analysis. And this was the situation in the 1960s when mainframe computer terminals were utilized to manage enormous databases and financial information. Later in 70s computer terminals were used for publishing and information management which also the real beginning of automation in libraries using modern computers. In 1980s, desktop computers emerged and were used for word-processing, spreadsheets, games and films. With this development, computers became more than just a fancy typewriter or automated record keeper. And this was the beginning of multimedia technologies. Multimedia first emerged in 1980s when desktop computers became more prevalent in businesses, schools, and homes (Kumari and Sherawat, 2016).
The developments in multimedia came at high rate and acceptability as it allowed animation, complex graphics, sound files and films to be included in presentations, as well as improving job performance, information delivery and entertainment.
2.3.2 Elements of Multimedia Rresources
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HighLights:
Text
Graphic
Audio
Video
Animation
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The various features identified with multimedia resources make them highly acceptable by the users. The definition of multimedia preceded as combination of multiple elements more than one like texts, graphics, audio, videos, and animation. These are the elements of multimedia and are briefly looked at below:
1. TEXT
Text is written form of a speech. Text comprised words and figures used to communicate information to persons. Good use of texts in multimedia presentations will help to communicate message clearer to the users. Word processing software like MS-Word, Office Libre, OpenOffice-Writter, etc are used to create textual data in computers.
2. GRAPHICS
Graphics are sketches and images that are used to communicate and entertain users. Graphics, images in particular are important component of multimedia. Information communication is much easily understood and remember if it is presented though images or images used to support the presentation. Now a days children prefer using books with images because they facilitate the grasp of discussions in the book.
Creating grgraphics in multimedia involves inserting it or selecting it with the mouse and then making it use the Hyperlink button. The use of a border around the graphic makes it clear that the graphic is hyperlinked. Also, the images used in multimedia applications are sometimes photographs converted into digital forms through the use of input hardware such as scanners, mobile cams, Web Cameras, Digital Cameras, and other image generating software.
3. AUDIO
Audio is connected with hearing or sound. Audio is most important element of multimedia. Text and graphics without sound are useful during presentation in front of spectators. But in the absence of presenter before the spectators, sound plays much role in the grasping of idea or massage of the presenter. A very good example is viewing of a packaged educational CD-ROM. Learning is more facilitated in viewing educational CDs with audio element than those with text or graphics alone. Some book materials today are accompanied with CDs to allow opportunity for this.
To create sound in multimedia application, first is to record sound and play it according to the animation in the presentation. Moreover, the present computers systems have inbuilt applications that capture audio and video directly.
4. video
Video is connected with hearing and viewing. Video displays record of events. Video is one of the powerful allies in multimedia resources that convey information in more facilitating manner. What facilitates users of automated library is the element of video in multimedia resources that constitute it.
Variety of devices are used to capture video, they include; digital camera, web camera, mobile phone, etc.
5. Animation
Animation is still images displayed quickly with an impression of continuous movement. It is a visual modification over time to give an impression of real or staged events. Animation is most used for entertainment though also educative. The key element of arousing the interest of young users of libraries is through collection and dissemination of animated multimedia resources. Animation adds values to multimedia applications and presentations. Presentations are livelier when animation included.
2.3.3. Categories Of Media Resources
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HighLights:
Media Bibliography
Computers & Accessories
Televisions & DSTV
Recordings/Audiotapes
Videotape Recordings
Disc Recordings
Slides
Motion Pictures
Microforms (Microfilms/Microfiches)
Filmstrips
Books
Periodicals or Serials
Pamphlets
Archives & Documents
Maps and Charts
Pictures
Kits
Programmed Instruction
Transparencies
Simulation and Games
Models/Realia
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Multimedia belongs to a group of media resources in the library. Multimedia resources are non-print informative resources with a combination of more than one digital media (audio, visual; text, graphics, animation, video, etc) used in computer application such as computer games, multimedia encyclopedias, thesaurus, dictionaries, books, etc mostly accessed online or packaged on CDs. An automated library deals more with multimedia resources than libraries not automated because it has more avenues to be accessed (audio, visual, vedio, animation, etc) rather than normal single way of accessing traditional libraries not automated.
In teaching, art, libraries and the likes, multimedia means using several ways of giving information or several different media. Libraries collect different media resources for the benefits of their users. These resources are now a days produced in both version; print and non print or soft copies. The following are some library media categories based on physical characteristics of them.
1. Media Bibliographies
Media Bibliographies contained records of various media in a particular library or group of libraries or available in the market. Media bibliography is a good means to be acquainted with media categories. Therefore, it is reliable selection aid for understanding and selecting vast aray of information media. Media bibliographies include metadata (catalogues, indexes, abstracts, and assorts of bibliographies) holding list of library collections and that are used to retrieve items from collection. Some of these are in book forms and in print and non print.
2. Computers and Accessories
Computers are used to handle administrative and recordkeeping functions as well as collection and housing of softcopies of information media. Information saved in computers are either online or offline. Onlie when information resources connected and accessible on net, and offline when information resources unconnected and unaccessible on net but reside on offline computer terminals.
3. Televisions/DStv
Televisions and DStv are Media kept in information unit of the libraries, particularly at news rooms. They are kept for listening of patrons to news and current happenings within the locality and around the world, and for entertainment.
4. Recordings /Audiotapes
These are sounds recorded on audiotapes and required listening devices to play them and access information in them. Tapes are available in open reel, cassette, and cartridge formats. The main information found in recordings is recitations, readings, speeches, storytelling, musics, etc.
5. Videotape Recordings
Videotapes unlike audiotapes, are sounds and visuals recorded on tapes that require listening and viewing equipment. Videotapes are available in open reel cassette ranging from 1/4 to 2 inches in width. Presently, videotapes are gradually facing out of libraries paving way for videodiscs.
6. Disc Recordings
Disc recordings are of different categories. Some are audio in nature and require listening equipment to access their contents while some are audiovisual that require both listening and viewing equipment to the content there in, a topical example is VCD and DVD. Information found on disc recordings is of the same type as that found on videotape recordings but more presentable than videotapes because it is presented in digital format not analogue.
7. Slides
Slides are automated photographs that require viewing equipment. They are unlike filmstrips because they are automated and can be easily manipulated rearranged, augmented or deleted.
8. Motion Pictures
Motion pictures are films with silent or with sound tracks. Tracks are either magnetic or optical. Motion pictures require viewing and probably listening devices to operate them and to access information contained in them. Libraries usually keep motion pictures of 16-mm, super 8-mm, and regular 8-mm formats.
9. Microforms (Microfilms/Microfiches)
Microforms contained information that has been reduced photographically and requires viewing equipment such as magnifying device to be able to read information in them. Microforms are commonly available in microfilm formats and in reel and cartridge of 16 or 35-mm. Microfiches are also microforms available on sheets of film. Microform technique is used in libraries thoroughly before popularity of present day computers in the libraries to reduce the volume of piece of information so as to save space for the collection of more number of resources.
10. Filmstrips
A filmstrip is a continuous strip of photographic film containing a series of still pictures viewed separately on screen often when light shown on them. Filmstrips are predominately available in 35-mm half, single or double frame formats while others in 16-mm format. Some books are accompanied with short form of filmstrip usually 8 to 10 frames in length.
11. Books
A book is a written work published in print or electronic form (I.e. hard or soft copy). Most books in Nigeria libraries are prints bound with hard or soft back covers. However, electronic books (e-books) are gradually prevailing because of automation that gives libraries chances of accessing more number of electronic resources through subscription or free access points. Books are categorized as reference and non-reference. Reference books are meant to be consulted when there are needs to do so, e.g. dictionary, concordance, encyclopedia, recipe, etc. While non reference books are meant to be read cover to cover, e.g. textbooks, novels, fictions and story books, etc. Multimedia books are more cherished especially by children because they have multiple ways of accessing information in them; audio and visual as well as graphic and animation.
12. Periodicals or Serials
Periodicals are informative materials published on a regular or periodical basis with identified title and classified by volume, issue, and/or date. Periodical/regular publication makes them to be called periodicals, and serial numbering in volumes and issues make them to be called serials. Periodicals are available in print and electronic forms. In some libraries periodicals are bound and are available in microforms. Very good examples of these are newspapers, newsletters, magazines, proceedings and journals, Text
13. Pamphlets
Pamphlet contains information on specific topic of interest not exhaustive in contents but to provide readers specific information. Pamphlets are usual piece of paper stapled together but unbounded. Some librarians refer to books not up to forty-five pages as pamphlets. Pamphlets covers handouts, handbills, lecture notes, sermons, and speeches at events, etc.
14. Archives & Documents
Archives are mostly inactive information resources preserved for time to time references. They are largely records of proceedings of activities, meetings and reports emanating from governments, agencies and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Documents simmar with archives are important media both print and none print containing specific and vital information such as files and official documents of governments and NGOs.
15. Maps and Charts
Maps are usually geographical resources while charts are pictorials, diagrams, blueprints, layouts, etc given specific information. Maps and Charts are both identified as single, unbound, and discrete in nature. Part maps are globes but really they are models of the earth, satellites, and solar system. Atlases are books of maps categorised as books.
16. Pictures
Pictures are photographs and works of arts drawn or painted. A collection of pictures are made on albums or mounted on cardboard to facilitate view. Pictures compiled usually became a compendium of art used for studying the development of visual art and stories of individual, society or situation.
17. Kits
A kit is a collection of two or more items on a particular theme or topic packaged to educate targeted users. Perhaps to capture well what kit really is, is defining it as a multimedia collection that contains variety of media or regalia dealing with a particular theme or topic. Kits are bulk of multimedia resources surfacing in automated libraries.
18. Programmed Instruction
Programmed instruction is a media, print or nonprit, designed to instruct the learner in a prescribed sequence. It is a pakaged modules use for teaching a specific course or training, or for use in computers.
19. Transparencies
Transparencies contained appreciable amount of data or information compressed into smaller volume through miniaturisation technique, when projected give an illusion of motion on a platform. They are usually mounted on 101/4 x 111/4-inch frames. Before the technique of powers points presentation of computers, overhead transparencies are used extensively in education for presentations and trainings.
20. Simulation and Games
These are packages with wide range of learning and recreatory activities. They could be printed scenario or boxes with playing boards, counters, dice, etc. Some of these are extensively used by children to learn through play.
21. Models/Realia
Models are replica representation of real things. Normally, they are resources that cannot be brought to the library but seen as actual things for easier understanding. A good example of models is a globe. Globes are often considered as maps but in reality, they are models because they are representation of earth, satellites, solar system and galaxy. On the other hand, relias are real things brought to the library such as specimens, substances and art exhibitions, etc. Relias cover multitude of materials that vary in shapes and sizes, they include community resources, i.e., things from community.
2.3.4. Multimedia Resources Selection
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HighLights:
Selection criteria
Selection aids
participants in selection
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Collection of multimedia resources is gradually taking a stand in most of Nigeria libraries. As it is in collection exercise, all stakeholders most be consulted and involved in all processes. Before embarking on selection process, preliminary study of the users the selection targeted should be carry out. This is to determining some factors that would guide decision marking during selection. Some of these factors are:
1. Information needs of the users
2. Level and depth of experience of the users.
3. Population of the users.
4. Proportion between core area and general interest area.
5. The objectives of the institution of the users.
6. Library goals.
7. Collection development policy, etc.
Strong consideration of the factors above is necessary to guide against selecting inappropriate media and rejection by the users. However, tangible criteria should be set to guide selection. The criteria are factors to be considered within the media to be selected.
2.3.5 Criteria for Selecting Multimedia Resources
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HighLights:
« Appropriateness
« Authenticity
« Scope
« Interest
« Organisation
« Physical Format
« Comprehensivenes
« Inclusions
« Cost
« Guaranty
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The selection criteria to be considered in selecting multimedia resources include:
1. Appropriateness
This has to do with suitability of media to be selected to the needs of the users material is selected for. The needs of the users is utmost in any media selection either multimedia or not, therefore, it should be the first to be considered. When this is okay than other factors could be considered. Considering any factor before appropriateness will be useless exercise when material finally found not appropriate. And inappropriate materials, that is, materials not suitable to needs of users are of no use, therefore it selection is a futile exercise.
2. Authenticity
Authenticating of media to be selected is important to guide against selecting fake or pirated materials of unauthorised producers. To achieve this, you must make sure the material to be selected is from copyright owner or authorised publisher/producer or supplier.
3. Scope
This has to do with the content and coverage of the discussion of the media to be selected. The scope reflects the subject area and range of the users. Material to be selected should be within the scope of the users. Subject discussion and depth of discussion should march with the levels of the users. For example, Mathematics is a subject offered in all levels of education (primary, secondary and tertiary) but the depth of discussion of the materials for different levels with not be the same, therefore, this should be noted in media selection. Let the material be relevance to current ideas and content to satisfy demands of users.
4. Interest
Stimulation (sensory appealing) and curiosity satisfaction of a media to be selected is added advantage after appropriateness to the needs ascertained. Stimulus media are largely utilized than non stimulus. As such within the range of appropriate media emphasis should be lay on most interested.
5. Organisation
Logical development of ideas and sequence of presentation are what to be considered here as well as quality of sound and visibility. Do not select unlogical developed and unrelated sequence materials because has no value to the understanding of users. More so, media with poor presentation with regards to quality of sound and visibility should not be selected.
6. Physical Format
Physical appearance of a media is one of the factors to be considered when selecting media resources. Ease in handling and preservation, attractive pa
and durability are aspects within physical format to be considered. On other hand, materials that may be difficult to handle or require rigorous training for use should be avoided alternative exist. More so, try to avoid unreactive packaged materials or filmsy constructed or would be difficult in maintain.
7. Comprehensiveness
While physical format speaks of external features, comprehensiveness deals with internal features in the material or the technical aspects. When selecting a media, especially multimedia, carry out a thorough checking to ensure all deserving internal features are all-encompassing. Sound and visual clarity of the contents, tone fidelity, effective structures and colours use be considered. Complete synchronisation of sound and image should not be compromised in selecting a multimedia. On the other hand, avoid media with tone distortion, fuzzy pictures, confused composition, and uneven synchronisation of sound and image. Confused composition also reflects state of morality of the contents of the media. Avoid all forms of immoral teachings by avoiding media containing immoral teachings. Media containing immoral sexual teachings, nudity, homosexuals and gyani be avoided.
8. Inclusions
These are additional special features to the existing features discussed earlier and above. Features such as descriptive notes of use, teachers/learners guide, pertinent accompanying materials, etc. are attractive parts of a media especially multimedia and should be observed.
9. Cost
A consideration on the price of materials is necessary to avoid going out of the budget and hitherto accumulation of debts. The price of an item or items should be affordable and in conformity with the budget. Lay much emphasis on less expensive commodities than expensive commodities where there are substitutes with even satisfactions, but standardisation should not be compromised.
10. Guaranty
Assurance for functionality of a media especially multimedia motivates selection of the media. Products of reputable producers/companies have more tendencies of functionality and should be considered before others. These companies have established product guaranty for buyers/customers to return back purchased product for replacement or refund in the event of failure of the product.
2.3.6. Multimedia Selection Aids
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HighLights:
« Multimedia bibliographies
« Catalogues
« Indexes and abstracts
« Handbooks
« Leaflets
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A publication used by librarians to develop a balanced collection that meets the information needs of library users is the selection aid. A good way for librarians to become acquainted with the media categories is through multimedia bibliographies. The category includes catalogues, indexes and abstracts, and handbooks/leaflets published by companies and agents for marketing products. The leaflets, apart from listing the titles provide other information such as name of producers and place of production, period (year), and price, etc. They are prepared with the aim of intimating customers the availability of products which come in two categories; those that list titles already in the market, and those that list forthcoming titles.
2.3.7. Participants In Multimedia Selection
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HighLights:
« Acquisition Librarian
« ICT librarian
« Technologists
« Subject Specialists
« Library Users
« Producers & Agents
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Multimedia selection is a professional duty jointly performed by Acquisition Librarian and ICT librarian as well as technicians or technologists attached to ICT unit. Librarians alone are not expected to discharge the task of selecting multimedia because they are not computer technicians/technologists expected to know the technological and pedagogical uses of various media. However, selection exercise either multimedia or not is not an exclusive exercise, it is jointly done with other stakeholders who are invited to participate. Other stakeholders that may participate in selection exercise are;
Subject Specialists: This group includes librarians qualified by virtue of specialized knowledge and experience to select materials and provide bibliographic instruction and reference services to users in a specific subject area or academic discipline or sub-discipline. Some of these librarians may have a combined degree (library science combined with other course, e.g., library science/Political science), first or second degree in library science and one in other disciplines. Others are professors, lecturers, teachers and learned individuals specializing in different subject areas and who are conversant with publications in their areas. This group of people are helpful in book selection because their knowledge of the subject usually extends to awareness of existing titles that could be selected.
Library Users: Users participation in selection exercise ensures good selection of materials. In academic or school libraries, users are staff, students, and other stakeholders in the institution. There is usually less criticism of the collection from the part of the users where they are involved in selection exercise. It might not be possible to acquire all media recommended by these groups. In such a case, the Acquisition Librarians alongside technologists in good faith decides on which ones to acquire or drop. However, since media acquisition is a continuous exercise in the library, the ones dropped may be re-considered in the subsequent exercises.
Producers or Agents: Producers and agents are progressive partners in multimedia selection. Producers and agents’ intimate librarians of latest products. Agents are prefer because they deal with different producers and advertise different products from different producers, while producers advertise their products only left alone what exist in other places.
2.3.8. Multimedia Acquisition
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HighLights:
« Purchase
« Donation
« Bequeath
« Legal Deposit
« Loans and Exchanges
« Internal Production/Generation
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Media selection even though fundamental can be said to be a proposal while acquisition is the practical implementation. Acquisition is about making available resources in the point of use. In the context of the library, acquisition is to obtain media resources for the library or users of the library. Generally, in the library, acquisition of assorts of media is done through the methods below:
1. Purchase
This is the method of acquisition that requires the library to pay for the cost of materials before they are accessed or acquired. It means buying or procuring materials through cash payment, cheque deposit or e-transaction. Materials should be purchased from the right sources such as producers or publishers or their agents to save cost and to guide against acquisition of pirated copies and ultimate duping. Agents deal with different kinds of materials by different producers, buying through them will permit library receiving many titles from different producers within single source and save them from hardship of dealing with many producers or narrowed opportunity of dealing with individual producers.
2. Donation
Gifts, endowments and contributions from individuals, governmental and non-governmental organisations are another important source of acquiring media resources. This could be solicited or unsolicited for. Solicited, when library requests for the materials, and in this case, the library makes it clear the titles and/or nature of materials required. Unsolicited, when donors voluntarily offer gifts to the library without a formal request from the library. Effort should be intensified in examining unsolicited offers so as to drop unwanted (irrelevant) materials. The library should be bold enough to reject irrelevant or inappropriate materials to save the library from becoming a dumping ground for such materials and ultimately saving spaces to accommodate more of the appropriate materials. Donations either solicited or not, should be acknowledged by the library as a way of showing gratitude to the donors and paving the way for further opportunities.
3. Bequeath
This is closely related to donation. It is in the form of a will that take effect when the donor dies. In a nutshell, it is the act of giving to the library materials owned by individuals at the passing away of the owner who is the donor in this case. Individuals possessing assorts of media do this to guarantee the use of collection built by them even after they might have passed away especially in developed countries where private collections are common. This particular method of acquisition is not common in Nigeria and other developing countries. Lawyers are usually involved in drafting and sealing agreements between donors and libraries concerned.
4. Legal Deposit:
This is also a donation but sometimes against the wish of the donor who may be the producer or publisher. It is a compulsory donation of materials (books and non-books; prints and non-prints) to the library of a particular area where materials are produced which is mandated by law, and failure to comply attracts sanctions. The National Library enjoys much of this which makes it known as Legal Deposit Library, because it is the main depository centre for all published or produced materials in the country. Public libraries are also not left out but are sometimes linked with the national libraries to access materials deposited.
5. Loans and Exchanges
Borrowing is also a means through which libraries acquire materials on temporary basis but not so common. This is done through exchange of excess copies of materials with materials dearly needed and available in sister libraries based on spelled out agreements that are expected to be complied by the participatory libraries. This can even be internationally carried out based on concrete agreements through library networkings.
6. Internal Production/Generation
Certain media are generated or produced in the library. Majority of these are metadata such as multimedia bibliographies. This is to facilities the use of library resources. Libraries can also engage producers of multimedia within their reach to produce specific media for their patroons so as to fit the use of patroons and meet their specific needs.
This method is a silent means through which libraries build collections. Librarians especially of tertiary institution libraries supposed to participate and encourage local media packaging to meet specific needs of the users. In Nigeria, studies have revealed shortage of suitable media for specific needs and domination of foreign media produced not for specific needs.
At the resources acquisition exercise point, having used any of the methods above to acquire materials, materials acquired when received are thoroughly checked using prior selection criteria.
2.4. Library Software And Software Selection Exercise
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HighLights:
« Library Softwares
« Library Software Selection
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2.4.1 Library Software
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HighLights:
« CDS/ISIS
« Alice for Windows
« NewGenlib
« Troodon
« Gyanodaya
« SOUL
« LSEase
« Libsuite asp+
« Nettib/vidyut
« GREENSTONE
« KOHA
« GLAS
« X-LIB
« TINLIB
« TINMAN,
« SLAM
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Library software selection is an exercise like normal selection of materials in the libraries but with peculiarity of been dealing with electronic system. So many criteria observed for print materials may not play part in the selection of library software. There are varieties of library softwares designed by individuals, institutions, organisations and companies to facilitate library automation. For effective performance of tasks in the library quite a number of libraries have written their own softwares, good examples of these are;
i. Compterised Documentation Services/Integrated Set of Information System (CDS/ISIS): CDS/ISIS is a computer based bibliographic software package developed by UNESCO (United Nation Education, Science and Cultural Organisation) that is used in managing library databases free of cost. CDS/ISIS is popularly used in libraries of developing countries such as Nigeria for it free of cost. This software package efficiently works on a simple PC/XT, UNIX and NOVELL platforms. The windows version also in circulation. CDS/ISIS is a suitable software for fresh libraries who to begin automation because it involves less capital investment on both hard and software components.
ii. Alice for Windows: Alice for Windows is popular library automation management software used by the libraries home and abroad. It has a complete range of library functions using discrete modules that are compatible with IBM and Macintosh computers.
iii. NewGenlib: NewGenlib is a web-based library automation and information retrieval software package that is singly integrated for efficient data storage, processing and searching. Its functional modules include but not limited to acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serial control and online access (OPAC) etc.
vi.Troodon: Troodon is another multi-user library automation software package designed for effectively manages of library resources and operations and can be customised for local needs. Troodon has functional modules that include; acquisition, circulation, serial control, maintenance, backup, setup, and online access-OPAC.
This a beautiful library software package with modules that include; acquisition, accession, circulation, personal and uer-member management, collection management, cataloguing, article indexing, serial control, CAS & SDI services, Bar Coding, LAN/WAN and Internet support, etc.
vi. Gyanodaya: Gyanodaya is automated library management software solely developed by National Institute of Financial Management - a subsidiary of lndia government ministry of fiancé. The software is today used by some libraries particularly in India.
vii. SOUL: SOUL is a library program created by the Information and Library Network Center of the University of Georgia using a client-server architecture that strengthens storage capacity, allows multiple users to access a single database, offers different levels of security, and provides backup and storage options, among other features. Acquisition, cataloging, circulation, serial control, online access (OPAC), and administration are among its functional aspects. When linked to the network, SOUL's built-in network functionality enables numerous libraries of the same system to operate together and access databases of sharing libraries in various locations.
viii. LSEase: This integrated library management system handles a number of library functions, including acquisition, cataloging, circulation, serials control, and OPAC. Additionally, it contains features like the ability to create user ID cards, built-in barcode printing, network downloading, union cataloguing, and library maps. Additionally, LSEase offers a hybrid design and features that effectively meet the automation requirements of various libraries.
ix. Libsuite asp+: This is a web based automated library software with unique features of web centric architecture. These features are; a. non dependency on single client (I.e. no client needs to be loaded, for any system with internet connectivity can be a client), b. works independent of client O/S on Linux client, and c. easy disaster recovery and back procedure. Its functional modules are; acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serials control, house-keeping, queries, and set-up.
x. Nettib/vidyut: This is a versatile developed library automation system with popular features essential for modern automated libraries. These features include normal librarary functions such as; administration, acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serials control, online access (OPAC), article indexing, and membership registration etc.
Different application software packages are made accessible to enable automation exercises at the library, too many to list here. Some of the application packages that are now on the market and specifically created to perform library operations are GREENSTONE, KOHA, GLAS, X-LIB, TINLIB, TINMAN, SLAM, and others that will not be included here. The decision between any of these is influenced by the software's effectiveness and the library's necessity.
2.4.2. Library Software Selection
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HighLights:
« Criteria for Selecting Library Software
« Participants in Library Software Selection
« Library Software Selection Aids
« Procedures for Selecting Library Software
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As earlier mentioned, there are varieties of library softwares designed by individuals, various institutions/organisations and companies to facilitate management of library automation. Some shere the same features while some varied with others for minus or addition of a particular feature. Thus, library software selection is an exercise that needs to be carefully done taking into consideration general and specific features in the software designed for library use.
2.4.3. Criteria For Selecting Library Software
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HighLights:
« Authenticity of the product
« Reputation of developers
« Comprehensiveness of the product
« Number of times revised
« Availabity of facility to import/export bibliographic data
« Number of parameters available for the module
« Availability on major operating systems
« Ability of interface with web
« Ability to interface with institutional e-mail system
« Ability to offer Oline-Public-Access-Catalogue services
« Popularity in the area
« Provision of coaching and guidance during and after instalment
« Flexibility of use
« Cost of installation vis-a-vis financial capability of the library
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Taking into consideration few criteria elucidated below may help library managers to select the suitable software for their libraries:
i. Authenticity of the product: be sure the software to be selected is from the right developer and deal with the developer or authenticated agent
ii. The reputation of developers: think of popular developers that have made good name in the business.
iii. Comprehensiveness of the product: make sure the software contains all the needful modules to serve the purposes of the library.
iv. Number of times revised: consider number of times the software has been revised since it existence.
v. Availabity of facility to import/export bibliographic data: check if the software possess ability to import and export bibliographic data in IS02709 format.
vi. Number of parameters available for the module: check the number of parameters the software has for each module; he more the number of parameters the better the flexibility of the use.
vii. Availability on major operating systems; check if there available on major operating systems to facilitate use.
viii. Ability of interface with web; check if the software is web interface.
ix. Ability to interface with institutional e-mail system: check if the software can be interfaced with e-mail system of institutional network or can not.
x. Ability to offer Oline-Public-Access-Catalogue services: check if the software has ability to offer OPAC services and other chances to logins or not.
xi. Popularity in the area: consider number of installations made so far in your area or country and since when, as well as the major clients within the area.
xii. Provision of coaching and guidance during and after instalment: make sure there is provision for training and proper guidance of library personal during and after installation, and should be part of installation requisite.
xiii. Flexibility of use: make sure is software simple to be use and free of naughty
xiv. Cost of installation vis-a-vis financial capability of the library: Although efficiency of the software should not be override for cheapness but it is also important to considers the cost of installing particular software as to the financial capability of the library. Where two or more softwares are equally effective and can suit the need of the library then cost should be determinant of software to go for. In this case, the less the cost the more money saves for other businesses.
2.4.4 Participants in Library Software Selection
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HighLights:
« Librarians
« Technologists
« Organization Management
« Users (staff, students, other patrons)
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Library software selection exercise should not be done by librarians alone. Librarians should interact with computer professionals and relevant stakeholders (such as organization manament, staff and student users, other patrons etc) in deciding particular software to be selected for the library. This would go a long way in actualising the very objectives of library automation.
2.4.5 Library Software Selection Aids
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HighLights:
« Software developers' release
« IT briefs
« The Internet
« Sample libraries
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Various sources can be contacted in selecting library software. The sources are platforms containing information on softwares produced and ready for use. Some of these platforms are properties of the developers or mediators making advertisement for the companies in software business. Some of these platforms are:
1. Software developers' release: a check on release on latest products by developers serves good source for indentifying software in existence and attributes of the software.
2. IT briefs: Information Technology briefs, newsletters and magazines are also good sources of identifying latest technologies. These can be consulted when selecting library software.
3. The Internet: The internet, particularly the websites of software developers/marketers are good sources for catching up with latest developments in software. A look at this will facilitate library software selection process.
4. Sample libraries: These are libraries with track records in automation either home or abroad. These libraries are good sources to understand attributes of different library software and the successful software installed and that is efficiently serving the needs of the library; it said 'experience is the best teacher'. Sample libraries can be consulted to arrive at particular software to be used in the library that beginning automation exercise for the first time.
2.4.6 Procedure For Selecting Library Software
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HighLights:
« Preminary study of institution/users the library serves
« Visibility study of sample libraries
« Selection exercise
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Software selection is a set of procedure that should be carefully followed in order to make a good selection of software that would meet up the zeal for chosen it. The set of procedure involve;
1. Preminary study of institution/users the library serves: A study to understand objectives, activities, and aspirations of the institution and users the library is meant to serve is a step to understand a software that suit the library and put it on the track that meet users’ needs. Details collected in this study guide the decision of librarians in arriving at a good selection of software for the library.
2. Visibility study of sample libraries: Sample libraries are libraries already far in the activities of automation and with good record of automation. Some libraries have long ago automated their activities and services provided to the users and are doing well in this direction. These libraries are expected to have quite experience in automation and can guide other intending libraries on automation. They can be consulted to determine software to be selected for the library.
3. Selection exercise: This is the real effort in making a decision to pick suitable software for the library. This effort requires careful consideration of selection criteria and findings of preminary/visibility study. In doing this, opinions/inputs of stakeholders in selection exercise be duly considered in order to arrive at a good decision. Once a decision is made, share this again with colleagues elsewhere so as avoid taken wrong decision and finally invite the chosen software company to forward the bill for consideration by library and management board. When the approval is obtained, the company can be invited to make installation of the software.
2.5. Cryptocurrency And Collection Development Exercise
*
HighLights:
« The Concept of Cryptocurrecy
« Terminologies: Blockchain, Addressess, Minnig &
Miners, Wallet & Wallet ID, Public Key & Private Key.
« Types of Cryptocurrenciess
« Values and Functions of Cryptocurrencies
« The Nations and Emerging Economy of Cryptocurrencies
« The Future of Cryptocurrency Usage in Collection Development in Nigeria Libraries.
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Inside the discussions below, attempt made to explain the concept of computing technology of cryptocurrency and the prospects of it in collection development exercises most especially in Nigeria libraries. However, to understand how cryptocurrencies work, the meaning of some basic terminologies attach to it were clarified, types, values and functions of cryptocurrencies also highlighted. Also reviewed is the emerging economy of cryptocurrencies in various nations and features that would help drive cryptocurrency usage in library acquisition transactions in collection development. In conclusion, organising of workshops and trainings to enlighten and equipped library managers on the use of cryptomoney, methodical planning from the part of the government, libraries and collection development librarians deem fit to avail the opportunities of using cryptocurrencies.
Barely a year now, precisely monday 25th October, 2021 president Muhammad Buhari lunched the Central Bank of Nigeria Digital Currency (CBNDC) known as electronic Naira (e-Naira) issued by Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) as a legal tender. This an attempt to make Nigeria join the rest of the world in crypto-monetary system, and this was adjudged by many financial and economic analysts as a right step in the right direction.
Certainly, change in life doesn’t come to one, it is one that seek for it and tap the values brought by it. As life is gradually redefined by digital age one found himself, to keep with life certainly there is no choice than to go for it as it is redefined. Virtually everything about life is technological incline. Whether by evolutionary or revolutionary means, the world will certainly continue to experience novelty, discoveries and inventions that shape life, and for sure in a world where digital technologies such like robotics, artificial intelligence and digital machines increasingly assert relevance, it is not surprising that ‘money’ the very orbit around which the global economy revolves is also going digital (Okeke, 2021). Welcome to the new world of monetary system, the new world of financial inclusion, the world of cryptocurrencies, where the term ‘legal tender’ has taken a different meaning – all digital, unregulated, and uncensored.
Cryptocurrency is an emerging opportunity in monetary system that is redefining the life in business transaction and overall financial inclusion. Cryptocurrency, through its mathematically complex encoding and decoding protocol, has made it possible for huge amount of virtual currencies to be transferred over decentralised public networks, unintercepted and uncorrupted. A situation that for some decades past, computer scientists might think was impossible. In fact, this is even beyond human imagination for some decades past. This situation is gradually becoming a reality and of course redefining mode of world transactions and for sure would also redefine the mode of collection development in the library particularly with regard to library resources acquisition through purchasing method.
The process of developing an usable and balanced collection of library items over a number of years is known as collection development exercise. It is based on a continuing evaluation of the information requirements of library users, analysis of usage data, and demographic forecasts. Budget constraints can occasionally prevent this. The creation of selection criteria, planning for resource purchase and sharing, replacement of lost and damaged objects, as well as routine selection and deselection choices, are all included in the collection development effort (Reitz, 2004). Selection, purchase, and culling of resources are all part of collection development (i.e. deselection of damage, obsolete, or excess copies of materials from the existing library stock to create space for new arrivals).
Methods used in the library to acquire library materials otherwise known as ‘acquisition methods’ are many, good examples of these methods are; purchasing, donation/gift, bequeath, legal-deposit, and internal material production. Out of these methods, purchasing method where money budgeted for the library used to buy materials for the library is one of the exercises manned by collection development unit of every library. The major acquisition transaction that takes place in Nigeria libraries is purchasing of library materials (journals, books, dailies, etc, hard and soft copies. Nigeria is the most populous black nation located in west-Africa sub-region with a population of over two hundred million people, and quite a lot of libraries in states, local government areas and institutions across the country. Obviously in Nigerian libraries, money either cash or check is what is majorly used to acquire library materials. Purchasing is an annual event in most cases but in some cases daily like purchasing of dailies (newspapers, magazines, etc.)
Purchases in nearest future would be fully done using crptocurrencies even in developing countries including Nigeria. On this ground it necessary for librarians, especially acquisition librarians to start preparing their minds and grounds for library transaction using cryptocurrencies as the world economy is gradually driving towards that. Doing so, the need to beam light on the term ‘Cryptocurrency’ as it relates to library transaction (resources acquisition) is important. What then is 'Cryptocurrency'?
Cryptocurrency is a virtual currency that is developed through mathematical encoding and decoding of computer protocol which has made it possible for huge amount of virtual currencies to be transferred over decentralized public networks, unintercepted and uncorrupted. In simple terms, cryptocurrency is computer-generated money that can be used to pay for transactions just like conventional money. It is also considered an exchange commodity, like gold, silver or olden days cowries. It is therefore an investment instrument, just as you have stocks and shares that are traded in capital markets. Today, investors buy and store cryptocurrency with hope that it will increase in value over time and give them a good return on their investment. According to Sampson (2017) the term ‘cryptocurrency’ is derived from the key security feature of these; ‘cryptography’ and ‘currency’. Cryptography is a mathematical coding and decoding mechanism invented during World War II as warring parties tried to secure their communication and avert interception of their messages by enemies. With the emergence of the digital age, computer and software experts have built on this technology, using a combination of complex mathematical theories and software codes to mine digital coins while also securing transactions on them. In this system, through a two-way authentication process, senders and receivers of cryptocurrencies are able to encrypt and decrypt transaction messages across a secure, public network, and also control the creation of additional units of currencies in a simple way.
Several nations, especially in North America and Europe, are reviewing their financial policies and regulation to accommodate virtual currency. Thus, efforts are being made by policy makers in these nations to clearly understand the nature and functions of cryptocurrencies with the aim of leveraging its benefits. In this regard many definitions were attached to the term cryptocurrency (virtual money) by deferent bodies
According to the Internal Revenue Service's (I.R.S.) definition from 2017, it is a digital representation of value that can be used as a store of value, a unit of account, or a medium of exchange but is not recognized as legal money in any country. Similar to this, the European Banking Authority (EBA) defines it as "a digital representation of value that is accepted by natural or legal persons as a means of payment and can be transferred, stored, or traded electronically, but is not necessarily attached to a fiat currency or issued by a central bank or a public authority." These organizations are already developing strategies for collecting taxes from bitcoin transactions.
To understand how cryptocurrencies work, it is necessary to know the meaning of some of the basic terminologies attach to it and these are:
i. Blockchain: This is a public ledger that keeps track of all cryptocurrency transactions made. This is a global online database that one with an internet connection can use but belongs to no one. Blockchain is a growing collection of data known as "blocks" that are connected and safeguarded using encryption.
ii. Addresses: These are string of symbols (sequence of letters and numbers generated randomly) that are used to send cryptocurrencies.
iii. Mining and Miners: Mining is a record keeping service of blockchain while miners are keepers of blockchain.
iv. Wallet and wallet ID: A wallet is an electronic purse where inflows are stored and from where outflows are sent while wallet ID is person’s password (string of random letters and numbers) that acts as username used to log into the wallet.
v. Public key and private key: Public and private keys are both sequences of letters and numbers through which funds are received in the transaction of cryptocurrency, but while public key is the account address through which funds are received in the transaction of cryptocurrency and of which is disclose to the payers expecting inflow from, private key on the other hand is the holder’s signature that acts as proof of ownership which is kept secret. Private Key is used by the account holder to authenticate inputs and outputs in the transaction of cryptocurrency.
2.5.1. Types Of Cryptocurrencies
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HighLights:
Bitcoin
Etherum
Ripple
Lota
Litecoin
Ripple
Lota
Novacoin
Peercoin
Namecoin
NairaEx
Geopay
Ekasi-Blucks
Bithub-Africa
BitMari
PayPlux
Belfrics-Global
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Today more than nine thousand different cryptocurrencies are in circulation around the world with Bitcoin, Etherum, Ripple, Lota and Litecoin being the most popular. Among these currencies, Bitcoin is the oldest and most widely known with $57.2 billion in circulation as at June 2017. Bitcoin was developed in 2009 by the anonymous Satoshi Nakamoto, whose identity is yet known in the cryptocurrency industry. It is estimated that between 10 and 15 million people around the world currently hold material amount of Bitcoin (Wikipedia, 2019). The market capitalization of Bitcoin is now about $66.6 billion, at a unit price of $54116 and there is speculation by industry analysts that Bitcoin’s price would rise above $11,000 by 2022.
The next to Bitcoin in popularity is Ether, which is said run on the Ethereum blockchain. Initiated in July 2015 by a 21-year-old Russian-Canadian and ex-Bitcoin programmer, Vitalik Buterin, this cryptocurrency currently has total value of about $28.1 billion in circulation. It market capitalization is $30.3 billion, while unit price is above $300 (Wikipedia, 2019). Ether has gained much traction in recent months following its endorsement by major US brands, including Deloitte, Microsoft, JPMorgan, Accenture, and Intel. It is estimated that around 2 million people currently hold material amount of Ether across the world (Sampson, 2017).
Moreover, other fast emerging cryptocurrencies in circulation includes; Ripple; founded in 2012 and with market capitalization of around $6.3 billion. Litecoin; released in 2011 by Charlie Lee, a former Goggle employee, with total market value of around $2.4 billion and unit value of about $46.00. And Lota; founded in 2015 by David SØnstebØ, with $2.8 billion worth currency in circulation, $2.4 billion in market value, and unit price of about $1.00 (Wikipedia, 2019). Others to mention but few are novacoin, peercoin, namecoin, and so on, are some of the cryptocurrencies that are fast emerging.
Several nations, especially in Asia and Europe have reviewed their financial policies and regulation to accommodate virtual currency. Also in Africa, several cryptocurrency exchanges and merchants are springing up. Some emerging African players in this space include Geopay and Ekasi-Blucks from South Africa; Bithub-Africa from Keyan; NairaEx from Nigeria; BitMari from Zimbabwe; PayPlux from Gana; and the rest. A Malaysian bitcoin trading platform called Belfrics-Global has revealed ambitions to launch exchanges all across Africa in order to promote financial inclusion and hasten the spread of virtual currency on the continent.
2.5.2. Values And Functions of Cryptocurrencies
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HighLights:
« Facilitates market trade
« Switching barriers between investments & investors
« Facilitates collaboration and competiveness in trade & excellent service delivery
« Exist as records of transactions (the legder)
« Has scientific value that solve the riddle referred to as the Two Generals’ Problem (or the Byzantine General’ Problem) in computing, through its mathematically complex encoding and decoding protocol
« Impervious to censorship and cannot be shut down
« Value usage of a decentralized public ledger which eliminates third party before transactions completed
« Speed in mining and transaction
« Secure storage
« Independence from sovereign authorities and inflationary pressures
« Low transaction costs
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Cryptocurrency has brought enormous value to global transaction and economy. It facilitates market trade and switching barriers between investments and investors. Cryptocurrency ultimately facilitates collaboration and competiveness in the market and excellent service delivery. Cryptocurrencies have no real value as you have in commodity monies such as gold, or as you have in paper or fiat money such as the Nigerian naira or US dollar. Rather, the value of a cryptocurrency is derived from the perception of the value that investors, users and speculators place on it. Also, cryptocurrencies have no physical existence. They exist only as records of transactions and not as physical currencies, like we have naira, dollars, euro, or pound sterling (Economic digest, 2019). Thus, person possess Bitcoin do not necessarily have any physical Bitcoin in one place or account. When you purchase a Bitcoin, what you actually get is not a tangible item, but record of transaction indicating the value of what you purchased, and the same applies when you receive inflows of cryptocurrency. ln an article published in Forbes.com titled ‘The Value of Cryptocurrency Today and What the Future Might Hold’, Chalmer (2015) posits that the value of Bitcoins can be determined in different ways. And that, one of such way is their scientific value that has been able to solve the riddle commonly referred to as the Two Generals’ Problem (or the Byzantine General’ Problem) in computing which demonstrates the complex challenge of coordinating an action by communicating over an unreliable, untrusted link. Cryptocurrency, through its mathematically complex encoding and decoding protocol has made it possible. Leandro et'al (2013) claims that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin have technological worth in addition to their scientific value since they are impervious to censorship and cannot be shut down. They said that the usage of a decentralized public ledger, which eliminates the requirement for a reliable third party before transactions can be completed, gives them social value. In addition to these, analysts have made the case that the many benefits derivable from cryptocurrencies, include; speed of new coin mining and transaction, secure storage, independence from sovereign authorities and inflationary pressures, low transaction costs, and their innovative infrastructure and features, all these add to their market value.
2.5.3 The Nations And Emerging Economy Of Cryptocurrencies
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HighLights:
« Europe and America where the virtual currency technology evolved have demonstrated significant acceptance of the new money, even though skepticisms persist.
« In Asia, countries like China and Japan have embraced cryptocurrencies even more than in Europe and America.
« China may well be the place where more than half of all global cryptocurrency transactions would take place.
« . Japan closely follows China in swift usage of cryptocurrency. It is reported that Japan actually displaced the United States in the middle of January 2017, to take the second spot after China.
« In volume of Bitcoins transactions In Africa, South Africa has taken the lead in the adoption of cryptocurrencies with hundreds of merchants already accepting cryptos in that jurisdiction.
« Mauritius could also be considered as gearing up to play actively in the cryptocurrency space. This country is partnering with a US startup, ConsenSys, to create a blockchain technology hub called the Ethereum Island.
« Egypt is another nation championing the usage of cryptocurrency. The first local Bitcoin exchange ‘BitcoinEgypt is launched in this country.
« On Monday 25th October, 2021, the Central Bank of Nigeria unveiled Digital Currency known as e-Naira.
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Quite a lot of nations are taking steps towards imbedding the technology of cryptocurrency. The advanced economies of Europe and America where the virtual currency technology evolved have demonstrated significant acceptance of the new money, even though skepticisms persist.
Beyond Europe and America, other part of the world are also keying to the technology of cryptocurrency. In Asia, countries like China and Japan have embraced cryptocurrencies even more than in Europe and America. It is anticipated that China may well be the place where more than half of all global cryptocurrency transactions would take place very soon (Wikipedia, 2019). And that some of the factors that may drive cryptocurrency popularity in China would include the need to break away from the highly government controlled socialist system, the zero transaction fee, the very high return on investment and swift technological transfer among the citizenries. Japan closely follows China in swift usage of cryptocurrency. It is reported that Japan actually displaced the United States in the middle of January 2017, to take the second spot after China in volume of Bitcoins transactions (Sampson, 2017). In Africa, South Africa has taken the lead in the adoption of cryptocurrencies with hundreds of merchants already accepting cryptos in that jurisdiction. The Reserve Bank of South Africa has expressed willingness to explore opportunities in cryptocurrencies, including the possibility of issuing its own virtual money. If a report published in bitcoinafrica.io is anything to go by, Mauritius could also be considered as gearing up to play actively in the cryptocurrency space. This country is partnering with a US startup, ConsenSys, to create a blockchain technology hub called the Ethereum Island. Mauritius plans to create an ecosystem of blockchain innovators and entrepreneurs; establish itself as a key player in blockchain technology, and pursue its vision of becoming a financial gateway to African and Asian markets (Wikipedia, 2021).
Egypt is another nation championing the usage of cryptocurrency. The first local Bitcoin exchange ‘BitcoinEgypt is launched in this country. According to the report published on Bitcoinafrica.io this would enable trade on Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies using the Egyptian pound, thereby connecting the local economy to the global digital currency market.
In other parts of Africa, quite a number of cryptocurrency exchanges and merchants are springing up. In Kenya, Ghana, Nigeria and many others, efforts are on top gear accommodating the technology of cryptocurrency. This could be deduced from the effort put in place by these nations in developing their own type of cryptocurrencies as brought up in types of cryptocurrencies section above. Just of recent, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) – the apex bank of Nigeria, motioned that the pilot stage of the digital currency is expected to kickstart by October, 2021 though financial technology specialists said the date may not be feasible even as they warn the apex bank to be cautious, think of methodical planning and consult widely (Akwaja, 2021). Against this speculation, president Muhammad Buhari on Monday 25th October, 2021 unveiled the Central Bank of Nigeria Digital Currency (CBNDC) known as electronic Naira (e-Naira) issued by Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) as a legal tender (Daily Trust, 2021). This development by CBN justifies the need to x-ray the future of cryptocurrency usage in collection development in Nigeria libraries.
2.5.4 The Future of Cryptocurrency Usage in Collection Development in Nigeria Libraries
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HighLights:
« Usage of crptocurrencies for purchases in Nigeria libraries will come to stand for the factors and values identified below:
« The growing penetration of ICT infrastructure and mobile telephony could help drive cryptocurrency adoption in library acquisition transactions.
« One of the biggest attraction for cryptocurrency usage and is expected to pool librarians is the convenient transaction cost especially with agencies abroad.
« Virtual currency transactions could be free of charges, and even when fees are involved, it could be determined.
« Another powerful drive to cryptocurrency usage is its fastness and safety compared to cash or cheque.
« More so, bureaucratic impediments foreseen in conventional banking transactions are totally absent because digital monies are decentralised, not control by individual government.
« No third party in the business that has control over accounts of two parties making business.
« Libraries can hold as many wallets as possible at the same time to enhance purchasing transactions.
« No chargebacks once a transaction is completed, which is quite different from what is obtainable in credit cards.
« The security of users’ payment information in cryptocurrency transaction is guaranteed, unlike credit card transaction where information could be intercepted and stolen.
« The limitation of purchasing-order in the value chain in conventional fiat money transactions by banks and regulatory bodies does not hold with cryptocurrencies because the technology is decentralized.
« Unlike traditional fiat money, cryptocurrencies are not subject to inflationary pressure occasioned by monetary regulators’ policies.
« Cryptocurrencies per say, would offers a major opportunity for financial inclusion of libraries in Nigeria, and open doors for collaborations.
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The usage of cryptocurrencies in collection development particularly with regard to acquisition of materials through purchasing method either in Nigeria libraries or elsewhere will come to stand. The growing penetration of ICT infrastructure and mobile telephony could help drive cryptocurrency adoption in library acquisition transactions. So far however, since the lunch of eNaira, much enthusiasm has been seen by librarians in Nigeria where a transaction using computing technology of cryptocurrency is a welcome idea. This was view of many librarians the idea shared with during 2021' Librarians Registration Council of Nigeria (LRCN) conference. Nevertheless, several librarians especially those working in government owned libraries are still highly skeptical and cautious of cryptocurrencies. owing to perceived risks from an unregulated and complex blockchain technology market, as well as apprehension that virtual currency, with its highly decentralized structures, could be used to carry out illicit transactions.
However, cryptocurrencies are gradually evolving into popular medium of exchange in many parts of the world. One of the biggest attraction for cryptocurrency usage and is expected to pool librarians especialy collection development librarians soon is the convenient transaction cost especially with agencies abroad. Unlike conventional banking transactions that always attract charges, virtual currency transactions could be free of charges. And even when fees are involved, how much to pay could be determined (Chalmers, 2015). Another powerful drive to cryptocurrency usage is its fastness and safety compared to cash or cheque transactions practice by most libraries in Nigeria. Cryptocurrency transfers are faster than regular international wire transfers. Zero-confirmation transactions are instant, while transactions that require confirmation take an average of 10 minutes to complete, way faster than the time lapse for international wire transfers (Sampson, 2017). Beside this, cryptocurrencies are not subject to the control of government of any nation or regulatory banks, they are completely decentralized. So, the issues of bureaucratic impediments foreseen in conventional banking transactions are totally absent, making it faster. Okeke (2021) stressed that the most amazing advantage in cryptocurrency transactions is that no third party in the business that has control over accounts of two parties making business; the buyer and seller. What it means is that, unlike in conventional bank transactions, individual account cannot be frozen by any one owing to inactivity, dormancy, misuse or overuse, etc, without releasing the private and public keys necessary to do so. This makes the account owners wealth in all sense and a key to facilitating transactions in the libraries.
Moreover, cryptocurrency users can have as many wallets as they want. In fact, unlike in conventional bank account holding where multiple accounts owned by single customer may generate suspicion, having many wallets at the same time is a norm in cryptocurrency business, since this enhances transaction security. Similarly, libraries can hold as many wallets as possible at the same time to enhance purchasing. Relatedly, in the transaction of cryptocurrencies there also no chargebacks once a transaction is completed, because it cannot be reversed without the consent of the recipient. This is quite different from what is obtainable in credit cards when card holders could fraudulently request for chargebacks after a legitimate transaction has been completed which sometimes a case in library transactions. Relatively, the security of users’ payment information in cryptocurrency transaction is guaranteed. Unlike credit card transaction where information could be intercepted and stolen during online transaction, cryptocurrency transaction is secured from such identity and users’ information theft. This is due to the very secure encryption and decryption technology, and the mathematically complex public and private keys combinations on which virtual currency transactions run. In this technology of cryptocurrency, identity theft is almost impossible since users ID are confidential. Lutus (2020) stressed that users are not required by cryptocurrency transactions to disclose their confidential information before making transaction which is impossible with the use of conventional ATM and credit cards. When users make a purchase with ATM card or credit card, users’ personal information such as name, physical address, etc, is attached to every transaction. But with cryptocurrency transaction, the user is completely anonymous. While the blockchain that carries the different addresses or account ID are transparent and publicly available, it is however impossible to identify owners of addresses, funds and transactions of cryptocurrency; inflows and outflows are publicly seen, but no one can tell the owners of them.
It is also interesting to note that the limitation of purchasing-order in the value chain in conventional fiat money transactions by banks and regulatory bodies does not hold with cryptocurrencies because the technology is decentralized and own/control by no single body. More so, unlike traditional fiat money, cryptocurrencies are not subject to inflationary pressure occasioned by monetary regulators’ policies. For instance, government authorities could decide to print more currencies of their will to increase their purchasing power or to meet their financial obligations, thereby resulting into inevitable inflation and high cost of materials, including library materials. But with cryptocurrencies, this is totally ruled out because of its decentralized nature that absolutely takes it out of government control. Overwhelmingly, all these benefits and with increasing acceptance of virtual currencies in the global corporate community is an indication that indeed cryptocurrencies could go complete mainstream and be popularly accepted as legitimate means of exchange, and could also have a future in collection development in not just Nigeria libraries but libraries elsewhere.
Inded, virtual currencies are gradually becoming a veritable frontier through which users are allowed to conduct a range of financial transactions remotely using mobile devices. This overwhelming success of computing technology would revolutionalised the financial services industry and pool wide range of advantages that enables users to overcome many of the constraints that exclude them from the financial system. Cryptocurrencies per say, would offers a major opportunity for financial inclusion of libraries in Nigeria, and open doors for collaborations and seeking aid with partners across the world. What is now required is methodical planning from the part of the government, libraries and collection development librarians to avail the opportunities brought, and more to be brought by computing technology of cryptocurrency.
2.6 Electronics Grey Literature Resources Collection and Packaging: Strategies for Libraries in Nigeria
HighLights:
This is a shered opinions of librarians on strategies for improving electronic grey literature resources collection in libraries of colleges of education in Nigeria with the hope of preparing them better for usage, encourage and foster the use of e-grey literature resources both local and foreign, and also to augment the scarce book materials in these institutions. Survey research design was employed with questionnaire as instrument for seeking opinions of librarians. The opinion seeking covers three colleges of education in North-Central States. The undertaken revealed the types of grey literature resources to be collected, elements to be considered, ways through which they should be collected and packaged for better usage. As part of the recommendations, the attention of the management of these institutions is drawn on focusing on collection and packaging of electronic grey literature resources by providing all it required so as to enjoy huge benefits tied these important resources. The details of undertaken is below.
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2.6.1 Introduction
Electronic grey literature usage is gaining popularity within elites and learned society in Nigeria and the world at large. Grey literature is evolving as a result of electronic communication, and this includes e-mails, faxes, blog posts, wikis, and podcasts (HLwiki, 2012). Grey literature is now more widely accessible online, in most cases, in forms of Adobe Acrobat (PDF documents). This is an indication that contemporary electrnic grey literature may be easily located with a straightforward Google search. Institutional repositories on the internet that are being developed by universities worldwide are a significant source of grey literature. The majorities of international institutional repositories compile academic work produced at their institutions and make them available online (Muhammad, 2013).
The need for libraries in Nigeria to look for different avenues for acquiring resources other than the popular purchasing method is apt. If this is considered apt, the need to improve collection and utilisation of the very important and original sources of information in the libraries and information businesses - the grey literature is also apt. Appreciable number of grey literature resources today exist in both formats; print and electronic formats. Obviously, electronic formats (electronic grey literature resources) are largely and freely available online.
An overview of the concept of grey literature in broader perspective entails that grey literature is recorded material that is available in a variety of mediums and formats but is produced in an unorthodox (unconventional or semi-conventional) manner and frequently isn't formally classified, priced, or accessible through traditional bookselling channels. According to Hirtle (1991), the categories of grey literature resources include quasi-printed reports, unpublished but distributed papers, unpublished conference proceedings, printed conference programs, and other non-unique materials that appear to make up the majority of our contemporary manuscript collections. Grey literature resources cover a wide range of documents that contain valuable information and are produced by human endeavors, including: pre- and post-prints of articles, conference proceedings, seminar/workshop papers, research reports, projects, theses, dissertations, syllabus, lecture plans/notes, speeches, addresses, research reports., sermons, technical papers, working papers, blueprints, white papers, MOUs, banks/marketing reports, manuscripts, maps, surveys, recipes, diaries, calendars, chronicles, etc, in print and electronic formats.
The majority of those who write grey literature defined it as a way of explaining complicated subjects to laypeople in order to raise awareness and support for a certain cause. Grey literature has a significant influence on learning, teaching, and research. Researchers consult grey literature to get data to support their study as well as to inform the audience of the findings. It is sought for by both teachers and students to promote instruction and learning. Certainly, grey literature resources since existence of humans have been extensively used to support many educational programmes, from when clay tablets were used for writing to papyrus and parchments, and now papers and electronics. No educational programme, no matter the level of driving force of skilled personnel with which it may be equipped ever comes to life without suitable material resources. Grey literature resources are first and common material resources in any educational programme because it is the podium for most write-ups - the manuscripts. Even the scripts of assignments, test, examinations, lesson-plans and notes form part of grey literature resources that cannot be disconnected from any educational programme.
2.6.2 Statement of the problem
As earlier stated, the first and common material resources that comes to most minds when talking education are books containing right and suitable ideas. In Nigeria colleges of education, studies such as Obayomi (2015), Enagi and Bida (2016) and Peterson (2019), have revealed shortage of suitable book materials thereby making library users grumbling any time they go to such libraries to establish their needs. Regrettably, the abundance prints grey literature resources in these institutions and available free electronic resources most especially researches, seminars, workshops and conference papers in many depositories (local and international) and which if properly collected and packaged are worthy of augmenting book materials but abandoned in the hands of the producers or from the point of production. The study was therefore conceived to establish, through the perceptions of librarians of the colleges of education, strategies for improving grey literature resources collection, particularly the electronic grey literature resources.
2.6.3 Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study was to establish, through the perceptions of librarians of the colleges of education, strategies for improving grey literature collection, particularly electronic formats, with the hope of packaging them in better form for usage and to augment the scarce book materials in the institutions.
2.6.4 Reseach Questions
The following questions guided the study:
1. What type of grey literature resources should be collected and packaged by colleges of education libraries in Nigeria?
2. What elements should be considered for the collection and packaging of grey literature resources by colleges of education libraries in Nigeria?
3. What ways the grey literature resources are to be collected by colleges of education libraries in Nigeria?
4. What ways the grey literature resources are to be packaged by colleges of education libraries in Nigeria?
2.6.5 Significance of the study
Findings of the study would provide libraries and institutions home and abroad, particularly libraries of Nigeria colleges of education with valid and reliable information on how to improve the collection of grey literature resources so as to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in it usage.
2.6.6 Review of Related Literature
The term "grey literature" was first used by pioneering scholars like Chilag and Wood in 1982 and 1984 to refer to all types of unconventionally published works. While it is not technically classified or priced, Auger (1989) views it as semi-published literature that is still in circulation. When used as a whole, the phrase refers to a wide range of educational resources that can only be obtained directly from the source and are not often available through publishers, sales agents, or other traditional book business methods. According to Aina (2000), the third International Conference on Grey Literature (ICGL), which took place in Luxembourg in 1997, unanimously agreed to define Grey Literature as informational content generated by government, academia, business, and industry both in print and electronic media, but is not primarily focused on publication and is not governed by commercial publishing interests. According to DeBerg and Scheib (2018), some of the traits of grey literature resources include being hard to find and lacking in systematic organization but nevertheless providing valuable research material. Here are updated features of grey literature resources based on Omeje (2010) and Enagi's theories for easy comprehension and differentiating them from other forms of literature resources (2014):
1. Resources for grey literature are published unconventionally or in a semi-conventional manner, but they are not advertised as such; they are not frequently available via traditional sources of book supply.
2. They might be challenging to locate and purchase on occasion.
3. Secondary bibliographic services like indexes, abstracts, and bibliographies often do not cover them.
4. They frequently include original data (i.e. primary sources of information).
One cannot overemphasize the value of grey literature. The value of grey literature, according to Peterson (2019), rests in its capacity to distribute findings more rapidly and to simplify difficult material. According to Mukhtar (2009), grey literature gives citizens the knowledge they need to make decisions about their lives and the societies in which they live. Whether people are going on a trip, conducting a study, buying an appliance, treating an illness, repairing machinery, participating in an archaeological dig, or engaging in any number of other activities as part of their daily lives, grey literature will continue to be a source of information that is reliable and accessible.
However, studies have revealed the high rate of abandoning of these important resources in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Particularly that of Enagi (2014) and Enagi and Bida (2016) revealed the high rate of abandoning of grey literature resources by colleges of education libraries in Nigeria. These resources if properly collected and packaged shall indeed augment the scarce book materials in these institutions. In line with this, Aina (1994) suggested for every country in Africa should establish a National Documentation Centre for grey literature with the sole objective of collecting, organizing and disseminating grey literature. That this centre should be of the same status with the National Library. While the National library is charged with the collection, organisation and dissemination of conventional (published) literature, the former should concentrate mainly on grey literature. Unlike published materials, the task of collecting grey literature wouldn’t be easy. With regards to this, Samaila and El-Kalash (2019) says that although the management of grey literature collections is an arduous task for librarians and other information professionals, this is especially so in developing countries where libraries have difficulties in acquiring traditional materials.
The task of improving grey literature collection and utilisation is a network of activities that involves acquisition, organizing, preservation and dissemination of defined information materials to potential users. Consequently, undertaken made to seek opinions of librarians on the ways the first aspect of activities (collection/acquisition of grey resources) may be accomplished. upon this, Peterson (2019) listed out several methods of acquiring grey resources to include; legal deposits, purchase, subscriptions, online search and resource sharing through inter institution or inter library collaboration (i.e. library consortium). Though, according to him purchase and subscriptions have less to do with the collection of grey literature resources because of it peculiarity of not been sold but legal deposits, online search and resource sharing are of immense important in the collection of grey literature.
2.6.7 Methodology
Descriptive survey design was used to seek opinions of librarians from three sampled colleges of education in North-Central States. Stratified proportionate random sampling technique was employed in selecting ten respondents from each of the institutions. Thus, thirty number of librarians were engaged in the study. The instrument used for the study was a researcher developed questionnaire titled “Strategies for Improving Grey Literature Collection in Nigeria Colleges of Education Libraries Questionnaire” (SIGLCOELQ) which consisted two parts, viz; Part ‘A’ sought information about respondents while part ‘B’ was developed on a five point likert scale of Strongly Agree (SA) = 5 point, Agree (A) = 4 points, Undecided (UD) = 3 Points, Disagree (D) = 2 points, and Strongly Disagree (SD) 1 point. The questionnaire was validated by two experts in the field of library and information science from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. It was also pilot tested using ten librarians within Niger state. A re-determination after four weeks using same librarians showed that few of these respondents changed their responses. A test-retest reliability value of 0.74 was obtained using the Spear Man Brown prophecy formula. The copies of the questionnaire were administered by the researchers with the help of three research assistants, one from each institution. The questionnaires were all returned within the maximum period of two days. Descriptive statistics which involve the use of mean were used to answer the research questions.
2.6.8 Results and Discussion
Table 1: Mean responses on the Type of Grey Literature Resources that should be collected and packaged.
S/N | Type of Grey Literature Resources Should be Collected and Packaged | X Remarks |
1. | Conference Papers | 3.91 Agree |
2. | Seminar/Workshop Papers | 4.57 Strongly Agree |
3. | Technical Reports | 3.65 Agree |
4. | Research Reports (Projects, Thesis, Dissertations, etc.) | 4.89 Strongly Agree |
5. | Banks/Market Reports | 3.52 Agree |
6. | Manuscripts | 4.55 Strongly Agree |
7. | Chronicles | 3.57 Agree |
8. | Lecture Plans/Notes | 3.52 Agree |
9. | Speeches/Addresses | 3.50 Agree |
10. | Bibliographies | 4.55 Strongly Agree |
11. | E-Prints (Database Resources) | 4.58 Strongly Agree |
*The grey literature resources listed in the table are most common in the area of the study.
Source: Field Survey 2019
Table 1 shows that the mean score of all the item with regard to type of grey literature to be collected are above the criterion mean of acceptance set at 3.50 and with that all the grey listed are accepted to be collected with strong emphasis on seminar/workshop papers, research reports, Manuscripts, bibliographies, and e-prints.
Table 2: Mean responses on elements to be considered for the collection of Grey Literature Resources
S/N | Elements to be Considered for the Collection of Grey Literatures Resources | X Remarks |
1. | Originality (Originals not counterfeits) | 4.84 Strongly Agree |
2. | Relevancy (Related to the Users) | 4.59 Strongly Agree |
3. | Recency (Current or Topical) | 3.57 Strongly Agree |
4 | Accessibility (Ease of Access) | 4.55 Strongly Agree |
Source: Field Survey 2019
In Table 2, all the four items are highly rated by the respondents, all items with mean score above four point five-zero (>4.50). Therefore the elements listed to be considered in collecting grey literature are strongly accepted.
Table 3: Mean responses on ways the Grey Literature Resources should be collected
S/N | Methodls throught Which Grey Literature Resources Should be Collected | X Remarks |
1. | Purchase (Raising Fund to Buy) | 2.58 Undecided |
2. | Subscription (Seeking Donation/Gift) | 4.57 Strongly Agree |
3. | Legal Deposit (Standing Order Deposit for Staff/Sudents) | 4.85 Strongly Agree |
4. | Inter Library Collaboration (Exchange with other Libraries) | 4.66 Strongly Agree |
5. | Online Search (Acquiring free Resources from Web) | 4.70 Strongly Agree |
Source: Field Survey 2019
Data on Table 3 above represent the views of respondents with regards to the ways or methods through which grey literature should be collected. Looking at the table we can observe that the mean score of four of the items exceed the criterion mean of 3.50. It is therefore the views of the respondents that all items listed should be strong ways or methods through which grey literature should be collected except item number one that is undecided (x = 2.58).
Table 4: Mean responses on ways the Grey Literature Resources should be packaged
S/N | Forms Through Which Grey Literature Resources | X Remarks |
1. | Book Form (Subject by Subject) | 4.97 Strongly Agree |
2. | Periodical (in from o f Reviews) | 3.54 Strongly Agree |
3. | Annuals (in form of Reports) | 1.42 Strongly Disagree |
Source: Field Survey 2019
From Table 4, the result clearly showed that items one and two (i.e. book and periodical forms) are only ways accepted for the packaging of grey literature resources. Majority of respondents strongly disagree with the third item (x = 1.42).
2.6.9 Discussion
It was the opinions of the librarians in Documents units of the sampled libraries whose concern collection, preservation and dissemination of grey literature resources that the type of grey literature resources to be collected should include conference papers, seminar/workshop papers, technical reports, research reports (projects, thesis, dissertations), banks/market reports, manuscripts, chronicles, lecture plans/notes, speeches/addresses, bibliographies, and e-prints (database resources). Strong emphasis was laid on seminar/workshop papers, research reports, manuscripts, bibliographies, and e-prints than others. This may be attributed to the revelation of studies such as Obayomi (2015) and Enagi and Bida (2016) who listed such resources as most common online and prints also in colleges of education in Nigeria. In particular, Enagi and Bida (2016) revealed the high rate of abandoning of such resources by colleges of education libraries in Nigeria. Thus, when collecting together grey resources for users in these institutions, emphasis should be laid on these kinds of materials than any others so as to meet up with the users needs.
Originality, relevancy, recency, and accessibility are strong elements over-whelmingly agreed by librarians and library officers manning grey resources to be considered when collecting grey resources for Nigeria Colleges of Education. These elements also top the list of Tunde (2018) with regards to collection of book materials. In fact, he lamented on the high rate of piracy in the country (Nigeria) and over abundance of worthless resources and advised that aforementioned elements should be thoroughly considered while acquiring materials for the library
The strong views of the respondents that subscription (i.e. seeking donation/gift), legal deposit (i.e. standing order deposit for staff/students), inter library collaboration (i.e. exchange with other libraries), and online search (i.e. acquiring free resources from web) should be ways through which grey literature should be collected except purchasing method. This may not be farfetched from the ideas of Omeje (2010) and Enagi (2014) on characteristics of grey literature resources as unconventionally published or semi conventionally published but not marketed as usual and not usually available through conventional sources of book supply. This might be the reason for low acceptability of purchasing method to the acquisition of grey resources because even if there is money to purchase them they are not often sold.
The ample acceptability of book and periodical forms as ways of packaging grey literature resources is in line with Mukhtar (2009) who earlier suggested for the packaging of abundance research reports deposited in research institutes in these formats. Again, grey resources if presented in these formats will serve the same ways of books and journals familiar with and gain wider acceptability. It will also checkmate some of the negative tendencies attached to it such as not been published, marketed and covered by secondary bibliographic services (indexes, abstracts and bibliographies).
2.6.10 Implication of the findings
The findings of this undertaken are of immense benefit to managers of library and information centres particularly in Nigeria because it unveiled type of grey literature resources to be collected, elements to be considered, and ways through which grey resources print and electronic should be collected and packaged. The findings would create awareness and guide stake holders in education in finding alternative to the scarce published materials. It would also open up opportunities for creative writing and utilization.
2.6.11 Conclusion
For meaningful utilization of grey literature resource (print or electronic) in Nigeria institutions particularly Colleges of Education effort must be made to better its collection and packaging. And for successful implementation of this, i.e. collection and packaging of grey literature resources, searches must be made on type of grey literature resources to be collected, elements to be considered, and ways through which it should be collected and packaged and this is what this study came with.
2.6.12. Recommendations
In view of the findings above recommendations are made and are as follows:
1. The curriculum of education and collection development policies of libraries of institutions in Nigeria should be reviewed to capture collection, packaging and utilization of grey literature resources especially electronic resources.
2. As earlier suggested by Aina (1994) that every country in Africa should establish a National Documentation Centre for grey literature with sole objective of collecting, organizing and disseminating grey literature, so also colleges and other institutions in Nigeria should establish a Documentation Centre for grey literature resources with sole objective of collecting, organizing, packaging and disseminating grey literature resources with special consideration to electronic grey literature resources.
3. The need to establish synergy between the stakeholders for successful collection and packaging of grey literature resources is essential. The stakeholders in academic institutions are management team, library management, library staff, and entire staff and students of the institution.
4. Full support from all concerned in terms of fund and facilities required to actualise collection and packaging of grey literature resources is hereby recommended.
2.7 Chapter Summary
What is covered in this chapter are:
§ Definition and types of multimedia resources
§ Ements of multimedia resources
§ Procedures in multimedia resources selection
§ Criteria for selecting multimedia resources
§ Categories of library software
§ Participants in Library Software Selection
§ Library software selection aids
§ Proceedures for Selecting Library Software
§ The concept of cryptocurrency
§ Types of cryptocurrencies
§ An account of emerging economy of cryptocurrencies in different nations
§ Values of cryptocurrency usage in collection development in Nigeria libraries
§ Electronic grey literature resources collection: Strategies for libraries in Nigeria Type of electronic grey literature resources to be collected and packaged for home use
§ Elements to be considered for the collection of electronic grey literature resources for home use
§ Ways through which electronic grey literature resources should be collected, and
§ Ways through which electronic grey literature resources should be packaged for home use
2.8 Evaluation
1. Identify five multimedia resources.
2. Outline five elements of multimedia resources.
3. List five steps in multimedia resources selection
4. Mention five criteria for selecting multimedia resources.
5. Identify five categories of library software.
6. Ouline five major participants in Library Software Selection.
7. Enumerate five library software selection aids.
8. List five proceedures for Selecting Library Software.
9. Explain the term cryptocurrency.
10. Identify five types of cryptocurrencies.
11. Give account of emerging economy of cryptocurrencies in five nations including Nigeria.
12. Enumerate five values of cryptocurrency usage in collection development in Nigeria libraries.
13. List five type of electronic grey literature resources to be collected and packaged for home (Nigeria) use.
14. Identify five elements to be considered for the collection of electronic grey literature resources for home use.
15. Express five ways through which electronic grey literature resources should be collected for home use.
16. Mention five ways through which electronic grey literature resources should be packaged for home use.
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