TABLE OF CONTENTS

LEDGEMENTiii

TAB

LE OF CONTENT

NE1

STATISTICAL METHOD

1.1Introduction1

1.3What is Statistics?1

1.4Educational Statistics1

Types of Statistics in Modern U

1.6Purpose of Education

CHAPTER TWO4

2.1Introduction

2.3Concept of Measurement4

2.4Process of Measurement5

2.5Measurement Scales5

2.5.1Nominal Scales5

2.5.2Ordinal Scales6

2.5.3Interval Scales6

2.5.4Ratio Scales7

2.6Rating Scales8

2.6.1The Likert-Type Rating Scale9

2.6.2The Thurstone Scale10

2.6.3The Guttmann Scale10

CHAPTER THREE12

ORGANIZATION OF DATA12

3.1Introduction12

3.2Objectives12

3.3Sequencing12

3.3.1Rank Order13

3.5Frequency Distribution Table14

3.5.1 Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Table15

3.5.2 Grouped Frequency Distribution Table17

CHAPTER FOUR21

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA21

4.1Introduction21

4.2Objectives21

4.6Frequency Polygon29

4.7Frequency Curve30

4.8Relative Frequency Distribution31

4.8.1Computation of Relative Frequency32

CHAPTER FIVE36

SIMPLE PERCENTAGE36

5.1Introduction36

5.2Objectives36

5.3Rounding off Data36

5.4Decimal Point and Significant Figure37

5.4.1Significant Figures37

5.4.2Decimal Point38

5.5Percentage38

5.5.1Percent Error39

CHAPTER SIX43

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY43

6.1Introduction43

6.2Objectives43

6.3.1Mean of Ungrouped Data45

6.3.2Mean of Grouped Data46

6.3.3Mean Scores in Research47

6.4.1Median for Ungrouped Data50

6.4.2Median for Grouped Data51

6.5.1Mode for Ungrouped Data53

6.6 Assumed Mean (A.M)55

6.7Coding Method for Computing Mean59

6.8General Observation about Measure of Central Tendency61

CHAPTER SEVEN65

MEASURE OF VARIABILITY65

7.1Introduction65

7.2Objectives65

7.3.1Range for Ungrouped Data66

7.3.2Range for Grouped Data66

7.4Percentile66

7.5.1Computation of the Quartiles.67

7.6.1Computation of Variance for Ungrouped Data69

7.6.2Computation of Variance for Grouped Data70

7.7Mean Deviation72

7.8Standard Deviation73

7.8.1Standard Deviation for Grouped Data73

CHAPTER EIGHT76

MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION76

8.1Introduction76

8.2Objectives76

8.5Computation of Z–score and T–score77

8.5.1Properties of Z-score and T-score78

8.6Normal Distribution78

8.6.1Skewed Distribution79

8.6.2Kurtosis80

CHAPTER NINE83

MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION83

9.1Introduction83

9.2Objectives83

9.3Importance of Correlation83

9.4Types of Correlation84

9.5Computation of Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient85

CHAPTER TEN92

HYPOTHESES TESTING92

10.1Introduction92

10.2Objectives92

10.3Hypothesis92

10.3.1Types of Hypotheses92

10.4Significance Level Selection93

10.5Degrees of Freedom93

10.6Type I and II Errors94

10.7One-tailed and Two-tailed Tests94

10.8Testing of Hypothesis94

10.8.1Statement of Hypothesis95

10.8.2Selecting of Alpha Level95

10.8.3Statistical Decision95

10.8.4Drawing Conclusion95

10.9Choices of Appropriate Statistical Tools95

CHAPTER ELEVEN98

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS I98

11.1Introduction98

11.2Objectives98

11.3Types of Inferential Statistics98

11.4The Z-Test99

11.5The T-Test101

11.5.1Computation of T-Test for Difference Between Two Independent Samples102

11.5.2Computation of T-Test for Non-Independent Samples104

11.5.3T-test for Difference Between Population and Sample

11.5.4Computation for Difference between Correlation

Coefficients107

11.6Analysis of Variance (F-test)109

11.6.1Computation of ANOVA (F-test)110

CHAPTER TWELVE116

INFERENTIAL TECHNIQUES II116

12.1Introduction116

12.2Objectives116

12.3Chi-Square (x²)116

12.3.1Basic Conditions for Chi-square117

12.3.2Computation of Chi-square Test for Goodness-of-fit117

12.3.3Computation of Chi-square Test Independence121

12.4Wilcoxon’s Matched Pairs of Signed-rank Test125

12.4.1Computation of Wilcoxon’s Signed-rank Test125